Mindfulness as a predictor of positive reappraisal and burnout in standardized patients.
*Adaptation; *Emotions; *Patient Satisfaction; 80 and over; Adult; Aged; Burnout; Clinical Assessment Tools; Coefficient Alpha; Convenience Sample; Descriptive Statistics; Education; Female; Human; Humans; Job Characteristics; Male; Medical; Middle Aged; Mind Body Techniques; Models; Multiple Regression; Ohio; Patient Simulation; Professional – Risk Factors; Psychological; Psychological/*complications/psychology; Psychometrics; Questionnaires; Regression Analysis; Risk Assessment; Statistics as Topic; Stress; Summated Rating Scaling
BACKGROUND: Standardized patients (SPs) portray emotionally intense roles that can have unintended deleterious effects including burnout. PURPOSE: This study explored SP characteristics that could serve as protective factors against these adverse effects. The literature suggests that positive reappraisal and mindfulness are protective factors, with positive reappraisal mediating the relationship between mindfulness and burnout. METHODS: Seventy-six SPs completed an instrument measuring burnout, positive reappraisal, and mindfulness. Multiple regression was performed to test the hypothesized mediator model. RESULTS: The results revealed that mindfulness and positive reappraisal explained a meaningful portion of SP burnout variance (R (2) = .31 p \textless .01). Germane to the mediator model, all correlations were significant: mindfulness and positive reappraisal (a) r = .668; positive reappraisal and burnout (b) r = -.527; and mindfulness and burnout (c) r = -.496, p \textless 01. When positive reappraisal and mindfulness were included in the model, the previously significant relationship c was no longer statistically significant. The combination of these three relationships supports a mediator model. CONCLUSIONS: Education to enhance mindfulness and positive reappraisal offers a way to offset the adverse effects of portraying intense emotional patient experiences.
Gerzina Holly A; Porfeli Erik J
Teaching and learning in medicine
2012
2012
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2012.715255" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1080/10401334.2012.715255</a>
Response to Protocol Review Scenario: is the change significant?
*Adaptation; *Animal Care Committees; *Restraint; Animal Welfare/*standards; Animals; Laboratory Animal Science/*standards; Physical; Psychological
Horne Walter I; Riccio David C
Lab animal
2013
2013-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1038/laban.216" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1038/laban.216</a>
Evolution of hyperphalangy and digit reduction in the cetacean manus.
*Adaptation; *Biological Evolution; Animals; Cetacea/*anatomy & histology/physiology; Forelimb/*anatomy & histology/physiology; Morphogenesis; Newborn; Phylogeny; Physiological
Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) have a soft tissue flipper that encases most of the forelimb, and elongated digits with an increased number of phalanges (hyperphalangy). In addition, some cetaceans exhibit a reduction in digit number. Although toothed cetaceans (odontocetes) are pentadactylous, most baleen whales (mysticetes) are tetradactylous and also lack a metacarpal. This study conducts a survey of cetacean metacarpal and phalangeal morphologies, traces the evolution of hyperphalangy in a phylogenetic context, optimizes characters onto previously published cetacean phylogenies, and tests various digit loss hypotheses. Dissections were performed on 16 cetacean flippers representing 10 species (8 mysticetes, 2 odontocetes). Phalangeal count data were derived from forelimb radiographs (36 odontocetes, 5 mysticetes), osteological specimens of articulated forelimbs (8 mysticetes), and were supplemented with published counts. Modal phalangeal counts were coded as ordered and unpolarized characters and optimized onto two known cetacean phylogenies. Results indicate that digital ray I is reduced in many cetaceans (except Globicephala) and all elements of digital ray I were lost in tetradactylous mysticetes. Fossil evidence indicates this ray may have been lost approximately 14 Ma. Most odontocetes also reduce the number of phalangeal elements in digit V, while mysticetes typically retain the plesiomorphic condition of three phalanges. Results from modal phalangeal counts show the greatest degree of hyperphalangy in digits II and III in odontocetes and digits III and IV in mysticetes. Fossil evidence indicates cetacean hyperphalangy evolved by at least 7-8 Ma. Digit loss and digit positioning may underlie disparate flipper shapes, with narrow, elongate flippers facilitating fast swimming and broad flippers aiding slow turns. Hyperphalangy may help distribute leading edge forces, and multiple interphalangeal joints may smooth leading edge flipper contour.
Cooper Lisa Noelle; Berta Annalisa; Dawson Susan D; Reidenberg Joy S
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
2007
2007-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.20532" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ar.20532</a>
Sound transmission in archaic and modern whales: anatomical adaptations for underwater hearing.
*Adaptation; *Ear/anatomy & histology/physiology; *Whales/anatomy & histology/physiology; Animals; Biological Evolution; Fossils; Hearing/*physiology; Phonetics; Physiological; Sound; Water
The whale ear, initially designed for hearing in air, became adapted for hearing underwater in less than ten million years of evolution. This study describes the evolution of underwater hearing in cetaceans, focusing on changes in sound transmission mechanisms. Measurements were made on 60 fossils of whole or partial skulls, isolated tympanics, middle ear ossicles, and mandibles from all six archaeocete families. Fossil data were compared with data on two families of modern mysticete whales and nine families of modern odontocete cetaceans, as well as five families of noncetacean mammals. Results show that the outer ear pinna and external auditory meatus were functionally replaced by the mandible and the mandibular fat pad, which posteriorly contacts the tympanic plate, the lateral wall of the bulla. Changes in the ear include thickening of the tympanic bulla medially, isolation of the tympanoperiotic complex by means of air sinuses, functional replacement of the tympanic membrane by a bony plate, and changes in ossicle shapes and orientation. Pakicetids, the earliest archaeocetes, had a land mammal ear for hearing in air, and used bone conduction underwater, aided by the heavy tympanic bulla. Remingtonocetids and protocetids were the first to display a genuine underwater ear where sound reached the inner ear through the mandibular fat pad, the tympanic plate, and the middle ear ossicles. Basilosaurids and dorudontids showed further aquatic adaptations of the ossicular chain and the acoustic isolation of the ear complex from the skull. The land mammal ear and the generalized modern whale ear are evolutionarily stable configurations, two ends of a process where the cetacean mandible might have been a keystone character.
Nummela Sirpa; Thewissen J G M; Bajpai Sunil; Hussain Taseer; Kumar Kishor
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
2007
2007-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.20528" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ar.20528</a>