Finding the evidence with eponyms.
*Dermatology; *Eponyms; *Terminology as Topic; 20th Century; Dermatology; History; Humans; Nomenclature; Skin Diseases – History; Skin Diseases/*history
Amarnani Ajay; Brodell Robert T; Mostow Eliot N
JAMA dermatology
2013
2013-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/2013.jamadermatol.421" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1001/2013.jamadermatol.421</a>
Bile acid metabolism and signaling.
Animals; Bile Acids and Salts/*metabolism/therapeutic use; Biliary Tract Diseases/metabolism; Cholesterol/metabolism; Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism; Enterohepatic Circulation/physiology; Feedback; G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism; Homeostasis/physiology; Humans; Inflammation/metabolism; Liver/metabolism; Physiological/physiology; Receptors; Signal Transduction/*physiology
Bile acids are important physiological agents for intestinal nutrient absorption and biliary secretion of lipids, toxic metabolites, and xenobiotics. Bile acids also are signaling molecules and metabolic regulators that activate nuclear receptors and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling to regulate hepatic lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis and maintain metabolic homeostasis. Conversion of cholesterol to bile acids is critical for maintaining cholesterol homeostasis and preventing accumulation of cholesterol, triglycerides, and toxic metabolites, and injury in the liver and other organs. Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids from the liver to intestine and back to the liver plays a central role in nutrient absorption and distribution, and metabolic regulation and homeostasis. This physiological process is regulated by a complex membrane transport system in the liver and intestine regulated by nuclear receptors. Toxic bile acids may cause inflammation, apoptosis, and cell death. On the other hand, bile acid-activated nuclear and GPCR signaling protects against inflammation in liver, intestine, and macrophages. Disorders in bile acid metabolism cause cholestatic liver diseases, dyslipidemia, fatty liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Bile acids, bile acid derivatives, and bile acid sequestrants are therapeutic agents for treating chronic liver diseases, obesity, and diabetes in humans.
Chiang John Y L
Comprehensive Physiology
2013
2013-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c120023" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/cphy.c120023</a>
Deficiency of G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor Gpbar1 (TGR5) enhances chemically induced liver carcinogenesis.
Acute/chemically induced; Animals; Carcinoma; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation/drug effects; Diethylnitrosamine; G-Protein-Coupled/*deficiency; Hepatocellular/*chemically induced; Humans; Liver Failure; Liver Neoplasms/*chemically induced; Mice; Phosphorylation; Receptors; STAT3 Transcription Factor/physiology; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/*physiology
UNLABELLED: Gpbar1 (TGR5), a membrane-bound bile acid receptor, is well known for its roles in regulation of energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism. TGR5 activation also inhibits nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB)-mediated inflammation. Here we show that TGR5 deficiency enhances chemically induced liver carcinogenesis, and that TGR5 is a negative regulator of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling. Mice lacking TGR5 were much more susceptible to diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced acute liver injury and liver carcinogenesis than wildtype (WT) mice. Consistent with the increasing incidence of liver cancer in TGR5(-/-) mice, hepatocyte death, compensatory proliferation, and gene expression of certain inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases were more sensitive to DEN induction in the absence of TGR5 signaling. In vitro, TGR5 activation greatly inhibited proliferation and migration of human liver cancer cells. We then found that TGR5 activation strongly suppressed STAT3 signaling in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we observed that TGR5 antagonizes the STAT3 pathway through suppressing STAT3 phosphorylation, its transcription activity, and DNA binding activity, which suggests that TGR5 antagonizes liver tumorigenesis at least in part by inhibiting STAT3 signaling. CONCLUSION: These findings identify TGR5 as a novel liver tumor suppressor that may serve as an attractive therapeutic tool for human liver cancer.
Chen Wei-Dong; Yu Donna; Forman Barry M; Huang Wendong; Wang Yan-Dong
Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)
2013
2013-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26019" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/hep.26019</a>
Regulation of cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis by the cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase/steroid response element-binding protein 2/microRNA-33a axis in mice.
Acetyl Coenzyme A/metabolism; Animal; Animals; Bile Acids and Salts/*metabolism; Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics/*metabolism; Cholesterol/*metabolism; Homeostasis/*physiology; Knockout; Lipid Metabolism/physiology; Liver/metabolism; Male; Messenger/metabolism; Mice; MicroRNAs/*metabolism; Models; RNA; Signal Transduction/*physiology; Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2/*metabolism; Transgenic
UNLABELLED: Bile acid synthesis not only produces physiological detergents required for intestinal nutrient absorption, but also plays a critical role in regulating hepatic and whole-body metabolic homeostasis. We recently reported that overexpression of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in the liver resulted in improved metabolic homeostasis in Cyp7a1 transgenic (Cyp7a1-tg) mice. This study further investigated the molecular links between bile acid metabolism and lipid homeostasis. Microarray gene profiling revealed that CYP7A1 overexpression led to marked activation of the steroid response element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2)-regulated cholesterol metabolic network and absence of bile acid repression of lipogenic gene expression in livers of Cyp7a1-tg mice. Interestingly, Cyp7a1-tg mice showed significantly elevated hepatic cholesterol synthesis rates, but reduced hepatic fatty acid synthesis rates, which was accompanied by increased (14) C-glucose-derived acetyl-coenzyme A incorporation into sterols for fecal excretion. Induction of SREBP2 also coinduces intronic microRNA-33a (miR-33a) in the SREBP2 gene in Cyp7a1-tg mice. Overexpression of miR-33a in the liver resulted in decreased bile acid pool, increased hepatic cholesterol content, and lowered serum cholesterol in mice. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that a CYP7A1/SREBP2/miR-33a axis plays a critical role in regulation of hepatic cholesterol, bile acid, and fatty acid synthesis. Antagonism of miR-33a may be a potential strategy to increase bile acid synthesis to maintain lipid homeostasis and prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, and obesity.
Li Tiangang; Francl Jessica M; Boehme Shannon; Chiang John Y L
Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)
2013
2013-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26427" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/hep.26427</a>
Biocompatibility and in vivo tolerability of a new class of photoresponsive alkoxylphenacyl-based polycarbonates.
Alanine Transaminase/blood; Animals; Biocompatible Materials/chemistry/*metabolism/*toxicity; Cell Line; Creatine/blood; Cytokines/analysis; Erythrocytes/drug effects; Hemolysis/drug effects; Inbred BALB C; Kidney/drug effects/pathology; Light; Liver/drug effects/pathology; Macrophages/cytology/drug effects; Mice; Polycarboxylate Cement/chemistry/*metabolism/*toxicity; Rats; Sprague-Dawley
Potential toxicities of chromophoric or polymeric units of most photoresponsive delivery systems have impacted clinical relevance. Herein, we evaluated the biocompatibility and tolerability of alkoxylphenacyl-based polycarbonates (APPs) as a new class of photoresponsive polymers. The polymers were applied as homopolymer or copolymers of polyethylene glycol (10%, w/w) or polycaprolactone (10%, w/w). APP polymers were comparable to poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) based on cytotoxicity, macrophage activation, and blood compatibility. Data from biodistribution studies in BALB/c mice showed preferential accumulation in kidney and liver. Meanwhile, potential application of APP polymers as immediate or sustained (implants) drug delivery systems indicated that liver and kidney functions were not distorted. Also, plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 were comparable to PLGA-treated mice (p \textgreater 0.05). A histological analysis of liver and kidney sections showed no detectable damage for APP polymers. The overall data strongly supported potential consideration of APP polymers as photoresponsive delivery systems especially as implantable or tissue-mimicking photopatterned biomaterials.
Wehrung Daniel; Sun Shuangyi; Chamsaz Elaheh A; Joy Abraham; Oyewumi Moses O
Journal of pharmaceutical sciences
2013
2013-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/jps.23510" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/jps.23510</a>
Injury models to study cardiac remodeling in the mouse: myocardial infarction and ischemia-reperfusion.
*Ventricular Remodeling; Animal; Animals; Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures; Coronary Vessels/surgery; Disease Models; Ligation; Mice; Myocardial Infarction/*etiology/*pathology; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/*etiology/*pathology; Perfusion/methods; Wound Healing
Deep tissue wound healing requires a complex sequence of several factors working in unison to repair the organ at risk. Myocardial infarction (MI) is particularly complex due to several local and systemic factors mediating the repair process within the heart. The wound healing process during this time is critical-the cardiac myocytes are at risk of apoptotic cell death, autophagy, and necrosis. During the early remodeling period, the fibroblasts and myofibroblasts play critical roles in infarct scar formation, a process that is greatly influenced by a robust inflammatory response. Construction of the infarct scar is a "necessary evil" that helps to limit expansion of the infarction; however, the collagen and matrix deposition will often spread to the healthy areas of the heart, causing reactive fibrosis in areas remote from the original damage. This chapter outlines in detail the procedures for two myocardial infarction injury models as well as how to quantify the size of the experimentally induced injury. These procedures are critical to the development of in vivo approaches to study myocardial injury, particularly for use in knockout and transgenic mice.
Luther Daniel J; Thodeti Charles K; Meszaros J Gary
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)
2013
1905-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-505-7_19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/978-1-62703-505-7_19</a>
Raman spectroscopic documentation of Oligocene bladder stone.
*Fossils; Animals; Raman; Spectrum Analysis; Urinary Bladder Calculi/*chemistry; X-Ray Diffraction
Discovery of a fossil (30-35 million-year-old) urolith from Early Oligocene deposits in northeastern Colorado provides the earliest evidence for the antiquity of bladder stones. These are spherical objects with a layered phosphatic structure and a hollow center. Each layer is composed of parallel crystals oriented perpendicular to the surface. Macroscopic and microscopic examination and X-ray diffraction analysis, along with comparison with 1,000 contemporary uroliths, were used as evidence in the confirmation of this diagnosis. Raman microspectroscopy verified the presence of organic material between layers, confirming its biologic origin.
Rothschild Bruce M; Martin Larry D; Anderson Brendan; Marshall Alison Olcott; Marshall Craig P
Die Naturwissenschaften
2013
2013-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-013-1078-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s00114-013-1078-6</a>
Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) programs in rural communities: a focus group study.
Cooperative Behavior; Criminal Law/organization & administration; Crisis Intervention; Crisis Intervention/*organization & administration; Descriptive Statistics; Focus Groups; Human; Humans; Interprofessional Relations; Mental Health Personnel; Mental Health Services/*organization & administration; Models; National Alliance for the Mentally Ill; Organizational; Police; Program Development; Program Evaluation; Psychiatric Emergencies; Qualitative Research; Rural Health; Rural Health Services/*organization & administration
The Crisis Intervention Teams model (CIT) was originally developed as an urban model for police officers responding to calls about persons experiencing a mental illness crisis. Literature suggests that there is reason to believe that there may be unique challenges to adapting this model in rural settings. This study attempts to better understand these unique challenges. Thematic analysis of focus group interviews revealed that there were both external and internal barriers to developing CIT in their respective communities. Some of these barriers were a consequence of working in small communities and working within small police departments. Participants actively overcame these barriers through the realization that CIT was needed in their community, through collaborative efforts across disciplines, and through the involvement of mental health advocacy groups. These results indicate that CIT can be successfully implemented in rural communities.
Skubby David; Bonfine Natalie; Novisky Meghan; Munetz Mark R; Ritter Christian
Community mental health journal
2013
2013-12
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-012-9517-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s10597-012-9517-y</a>
Don't let the bedbugs bite: the Cimicidae debacle and the denial of healthcare and social justice.
*Bedbugs; *Healthcare Disparities/ethics; *Social Justice; Animals; Bedbugs; Delivery of Health Care/ethics; Ectoparasitic Infestations – Prevention and Control; Ectoparasitic Infestations/prevention & control; Health Care Delivery – Ethical Issues; Health Services Accessibility – Ethical Issues; Health Services Accessibility/ethics; Healthcare Disparities – Ethical Issues; Insect Control; Pest Control; Resource Allocation – Ethical Issues; Resource Allocation/ethics; Social Justice; Special Populations; Vulnerable Populations
Although bedbug infestation is not a new public health problem, it is one that is becoming more alarming among healthcare professionals, public health officials, and ethicists given the magnitude of patients who may be denied treatment, or who are unable to access treatment, especially those underserved populations living in low income housing. Efforts to quarantine and eradicate Cimicidae have been and should be made, but such efforts require costly interventions. The alternative, however, can further exacerbate the already growing problems of injustice, i.e., unfair treatment of patients, inaccessibility of needed resources. In the following paper, I examine the ramifications of denying access to medical care, among other healthcare justice dilemmas surrounding bedbug infestations. I also explore the value of health, and how healthcare professionals and public officials often feel as though bedbugs are not a priority because they, themselves, are not diseases, regardless of the fact they cause physical and mental problems that affect a person's health. I propose recommendations for improving the health and well-being of those vulnerable populations who are facing a difficult and growing public health problem that is currently being ignored in medical and public health ethics literature, regardless of increased media attention and unusual habitats of localized infestations, e.g., Statue of Liberty, New York City.
Aultman Julie M
Medicine, health care, and philosophy
2013
2013-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-012-9404-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s11019-012-9404-x</a>
Orthopaedic manifestations of chondroectodermal dysplasia: the Ellis-van Creveld syndrome.
Chondroectodermal dysplasia; Ellis-van Creveld syndrome; Pathoanatomy
BACKGROUND: Ellis-van Creveld is a dwarfing syndrome transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. The constant features of the condition include acromelic-micromelic dwarfism, ectodermal dysplasia involving the nails, teeth and gums, postaxial polydactyly of the hands and congenital heart disease. Congenital heart disease affects 50-60 % of all patients and nearly 50 % of patients die by 18 months of age from cardiopulmonary complications. This study is intended to characterise the orthopaedic manifestations of Ellis-van Creveld based on the authors' unique opportunity to interview and examine the largest group of patients to date in the literature. METHODS: Detailed interviews, physical examinations and/or radiographs were available on 71 cases of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. Data were collected from physical examinations, radiographs, computed tomography (CT) reconstruction and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee. Pathoanatomy of the knee was reinforced by the direct surgical observation of 25 limbs surgically managed during adolescence and puberty. RESULTS: A number of interesting clinical and radiographic abnormalities were noted in the upper extremities and lower extremities, but by far the most significant orthopaedic finding was a severe and relentlessly progressive valgus deformity of the knee. Although many patients had difficulties making a "fist" with the hand, no patient reported any functional disability. The severe valgus deformity of the knee is the result of a combination of profound contractures of the iliotibial band, lateral quadriceps, lateral hamstrings and lateral collateral ligament, leading to lateral patellar subluxation and dislocation. The lateral portion of the upper tibial plateau presents with cupping and progressive depression of the lateral plateau, along with severe valgus angulation of the proximal tibia and fibula. A proximal medial tibial exostosis is seen in nearly all cases. CONCLUSION: This is the largest group of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome patients identified in the literature. An understanding of the orthopaedic pathoanatomy of the knee deformity is critical to determining the appropriate surgical management. This paper characterises the orthopaedic manifestations of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and especially identifies the pathoanatomy of the severe and progressive valgus knee deformity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II.
Weiner Dennis S; Jonah David; Leighley Bonnie; Dicintio Martin S; Holmes Morton D; Kopits Steven
Journal of children's orthopaedics
2013
2013-12
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s11832-013-0541-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s11832-013-0541-4</a>
Engineering triiodothyronine (T3) nanoparticle for use in ischemic brain stroke.
Blood-brain barrier; Brain stroke; Nanoparticles; Neuroprotection; Thyroid hormone
A potential means of pharmacological management of ischemic stroke is rapid intervention using potent neuroprotective agents. Thyroid hormone (T3) has been shown to protect against ischemic damage in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemic brain stroke. While thyroid hormone is permeable across the blood-brain barrier, we hypothesized that efficacy of thyroid hormone in ischemic brain stroke can be enhanced by encapsulation in nanoparticulate delivery vehicles. We tested our hypothesis by generating poly-(lactide-co-glycolide)-polyethyleneglycol (PLGA-b-PEG) nanoparticles that are either coated with glutathione or are not coated. We have previously reported that glutathione coating of PLGA-PEG nanoparticles is an efficient means of brain targeted drug delivery. Encapsulation of T3 in PLGA-PEG delivery vehicle resulted in particles that were in the nano range and exhibited a zeta potential of -6.51 mV (uncoated) or -1.70 mV (coated). We observed that both glutathione-coated and uncoated nanoparticles are taken up in cells wherein they stimulated the expression of thyroid hormone response element driven reporter robustly. In MCAO model of ischemic stroke, significant benefit of administering T3 in nanoparticulate form was observed over injection of a T3 solution. A 34 % decrease in tissue infarction and a 59 % decrease in brain edema were seen upon administration of T3 solution in MCAO stroke model. Corresponding measurements for uncoated T3 nanoparticles were 51 % and 68 %, whereas for the glutathione coated were 58 % and 75 %. Our study demonstrates that using nanoparticle formulations can significantly improve the efficacy of neuroprotective drugs in ischemic brain stroke.
Mdzinarishvili Alexander; Sutariya Vijaykumar; Talasila Phani K; Geldenhuys Werner J; Sadana Prabodh
Drug delivery and translational research
2013
2013-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-012-0117-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s13346-012-0117-8</a>
Contributory roles of innate properties of cetyl alcohol/gelucire nanoparticles to antioxidant and anti-inflammation activities of quercetin.
The protective effects of synthetic lung surfactant Exosurf(R) (containing cetyl alcohol) against endotoxin-induced inflammation have been demonstrated in the literature. Thus, it is envisioned that nanoparticles loaded with quercetin (Q-NPs) prepared with binary mixtures of cetyl alcohol (CA) and Gelucire 44/14(R) (gelucire) as matrix materials will be capable of overcoming some of the protracted challenges confronting clinical application of quercetin and possess innate protective activity against inflammatory responses, which could be synergistic with quercetin. The NPs were stable in simulated biological media while retaining their particle size and spherical morphology. Further analysis by gel permeation chromatography, spectroscopic analysis (ultraviolet-visible, fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) indicated entrapment of quercetin in NPs. Q-NPs effectively enhanced xanthine oxidase inhibitory and free radical scavenging effect of quercetin. Furthermore, Q-NPs showed marked reduction (compared to quercetin alone) in production of nitric oxide and cytokine (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha) from lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Superiority of Q-NPs over quercetin alone was confirmed from in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy studies in BALB/c mice. Data from additional studies with blank NPs (without quercetin) showed that the NPs reported herein most likely possessed intrinsic protective properties against LPS-induced inflammation. Although further mechanistic studies are warranted, the overall work depicted a novel approach of possible exploiting innate protective properties of NPs in quercetin delivery for treating oxidative stress and inflammation.
Bi Lipeng; Wehrung Daniel; Oyewumi Moses O
Drug delivery and translational research
2013
2013-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-013-0130-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s13346-013-0130-6</a>
Eicosanoids in metabolic syndrome.
Adipose Tissue; Animals; Eicosanoids/*metabolism; Fatty Liver/etiology/immunology/metabolism; Humans; Immune System/immunology/metabolism; Lipid Metabolism; Metabolic Syndrome/complications/immunology/*metabolism/physiopathology; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity/complications/immunology/metabolism; Sepsis/complications/immunology/metabolism; White/immunology/metabolism
Chronic persistent inflammation plays a significant role in disease pathology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is a constellation of diseases that include obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with many of the MetS diseases. These metabolic derangements trigger a persistent inflammatory cascade, which includes production of lipid autacoids (eicosanoids) that recruit immune cells to the site of injury and subsequent expression of cytokines and chemokines that amplify the inflammatory response. In acute inflammation, the transcellular synthesis of antiinflammatory eicosanoids resolve inflammation, while persistent activation of the autacoid-cytokine-chemokine cascade in metabolic disease leads to chronic inflammation and accompanying tissue pathology. Many drugs targeting the eicosanoid pathways have been shown to be effective in the treatment of MetS, suggesting a common linkage between inflammation, MetS and drug metabolism. The cross-talk between inflammation and MetS seems apparent because of the growing evidence linking immune cell activation and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Thus modulation of lipid metabolism through either dietary adjustment or selective drugs may become a new paradigm in the treatment of metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the mechanisms linking eicosanoid metabolism to persistent inflammation and altered lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in MetS.
Hardwick James P; Eckman Katie; Lee Yoon-Kwang; Abdelmegeed Mohamed A; Esterle Andrew; Chilian William M; Chiang John Y; Song Byoung-Joon
Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.)
2013
1905-7
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-404717-4.00005-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/B978-0-12-404717-4.00005-6</a>
Predictors of epinephrine autoinjector needle length inadequacy.
*Needles; Adolescence; Adolescent; Adult; Anaphylaxis – Drug Therapy; Anaphylaxis/*drug therapy; Body Mass Index; Cross Sectional Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Epinephrine – Administration and Dosage; Epinephrine/*administration & dosage; Equipment Design; Equipment Failure; Female; Human; Humans; Injections; Intramuscular – Equipment and Supplies; Intramuscular/instrumentation; Male; Middle Age; Middle Aged; Needles; Prospective Studies; Quadriceps Muscle/*anatomy & histology/diagnostic imaging; Quadriceps Muscles – Anatomy and Histology; Quadriceps Muscles – Ultrasonography; Sex Factors; Sympathomimetics – Administration and Dosage; Sympathomimetics/*administration & dosage; Ultrasonography; Young Adult
BACKGROUND: Self-administered epinephrine is the primary out-of-hospital treatment of anaphylaxis. Intramuscular injection of epinephrine results in higher peak plasma concentration than subcutaneous injection. With the prevalence of obesity, autoinjectors may not have an adequate needle length for intramuscular injection. OBJECTIVES: To measure muscle depth and evaluate predictors of autoinjector needle length inadequacy. METHODS: We performed a prospective cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of low acuity emergency department patients aged 18 to 55 years. We recorded demographic data, measured thigh circumference, and calculated body mass index (BMI). Using ultrasound, we took depth-to-muscle measurements of the vastus lateralus in a standing position, with and without gentle pressure to simulate muscle compression that occurs with correct autoinjector use. We conducted univariate analyses using chi(2) and t tests with P
Bhalla Mary Colleen; Gable Brad D; Frey Jennifer A; Reichenbach Matthew R; Wilber Scott T
The American journal of emergency medicine
2013
2013-12
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2013.09.001" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.ajem.2013.09.001</a>
Bile acid receptors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Animals; Bile Acids and Salts/*metabolism; Cholesterol; Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists/*metabolism; Fatty Liver/drug therapy/immunology/*metabolism; FXR; G-Protein-Coupled/agonists/*metabolism; Glucose/metabolism; Humans; Inflammation; Lipid Metabolism/drug effects; Lipid Regulating Agents/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use; Molecular Structure; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Receptors; TGR5; Triglyceride; Triglycerides/metabolism
Accumulating data have shown that bile acids are important cell signaling molecules, which may activate several signaling pathways to regulate biological processes. Bile acids are endogenous ligands for the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and TGR5, a G-protein coupled receptor. Gain- and loss-of-function studies have demonstrated that both FXR and TGR5 play important roles in regulating lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and inflammatory responses. Importantly, activation of FXR or TGR5 lowers hepatic triglyceride levels and inhibits inflammation. Such properties of FXR or TGR5 have indicated that these two bile acid receptors are ideal targets for treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, one of the major health concerns worldwide. In this article, we will focus on recent advances on the role of both FXR and TGR5 in regulating hepatic triglyceride metabolism and inflammatory responses under normal and disease conditions.
Li Yuanyuan; Jadhav Kavita; Zhang Yanqiao
Biochemical pharmacology
2013
2013-12
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2013.08.015" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.bcp.2013.08.015</a>
3D-QSAR and docking studies of pentacycloundecylamines at the sigma-1 (sigma1) receptor.
*Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; Amines/*chemistry/metabolism; Aza Compounds/chemistry; Binding Sites; Kinetics; Molecular Docking Simulation; Protein Binding; Protein Structure; Receptors; sigma/*chemistry/metabolism; Tertiary
Pentacycloundecylamine (PCU) derived compounds have been shown to be promising lead structures for the development of novel drug candidates aimed at a variety of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Here we show for the first time a 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) for a series of aza-PCU-derived compounds with activity at the sigma-1 (sigma1) receptor. A comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) model was developed with a partial least squares cross validated (q(2)) regression value of 0.6, and a non-cross validated r(2) of 0.9. The CoMFA model was effective at predicting the sigma-1 activities of a test set with an r(2) \textgreater0.7. We also describe here the docking of the PCU-derived compounds into a homology model of the sigma-1 (sigma1) receptor, which was developed to gain insight into binding of these cage compounds to the receptor. Based on docking studies we evaluated in a [(3)H]pentazocine binding assay an oxa-PCU, NGP1-01 (IC50=1.78muM) and its phenethyl derivative (IC50=1.54muM). Results from these studies can be used to develop new compounds with specific affinity for the sigma-1(sigma1) receptor.
Geldenhuys Werner J; Novotny Nicholas; Malan Sarel F; Van der Schyf Cornelis J
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters
2013
2013-03
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.069" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.069</a>
Immunopathogenesis of osteoarthritis.
Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Humans; Immunity; Innate; Osteoarthritis/*immunology; Signal Transduction
Even though osteoarthritis (OA) is mainly considered as a degradative condition of the articular cartilage, there is increasing body of data demonstrating the involvement of all branches of the immune system. Genetic, metabolic or mechanical factors cause an initial injury to the cartilage resulting in release of several cartilage specific auto-antigens, which trigger the activation of immune response. Immune cells including T cells, B cells and macrophages infiltrate the joint tissues, cytokines and chemokines are released from different kinds of cells present in the joint, complement system is activated, and cartilage degrading factors such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are released, resulting in further damage to the articular cartilage. There is considerable success in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis using anti-cytokine therapies. In OA, however, these therapies did not show much effect, highlighting more complex nature of pathogenesis of OA. This needs the development of more novel approaches to treat OA, which may include therapies that act on multiple targets. Plant natural products have this kind of property and may be considered for future drug development efforts. Here we reviewed the studies implicating different components of the immune system in the pathogenesis of OA.
Haseeb Abdul; Haqqi Tariq M
Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)
2013
2013-03
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2012.12.011" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.clim.2012.12.011</a>
Auditory cortical axons contact commissural cells throughout the guinea pig inferior colliculus.
AC; Animals; auditory cortex; Auditory Cortex/*physiology; Auditory Pathways/cytology; Axons/metabolism/*pathology; Brain Mapping; cortical layers; Fast Blue; FB; FD; Female; FG; Fluor0Ruby; fluorescein dextran; Fluorescence; FluoroGold; FR; G-; G+; GAD; GAD-immunonegative; GAD-immunopositive; GAD-neg; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism; GB; Glutamate Decarboxylase/metabolism; glutamic acid decarboxylase; green RetroBeads; Guinea Pigs; I-VI; IC; IC central nucleus; IC dorsal cortex; IC lateral cortex; IC rostral cortex; ICc; ICd; IClc; ICrc; Inferior Colliculi/pathology/*physiology; inferior colliculus; Male; Mesencephalon/pathology; Microscopy; ps; pseudosylvian sulcus; rhinal sulcus; rs; white matter; wm
Projections from auditory cortex (AC) affect how cells in both inferior colliculi (IC) respond to acoustic stimuli. The large projection from the AC to the ipsilateral IC is usually credited with the effects in the ipsilateral IC. The circuitry underlying effects in the contralateral IC is less clear. The direct projection from the AC to the contralateral IC is relatively small. An unexplored possibility is that the large ipsilateral cortical projection contacts the substantial number of cells in the ipsilateral IC that project through the commissure to the contralateral IC. Apparent contacts between cortical boutons and commissural cells were identified in the left IC after injection of different fluorescent tracers into the left AC and the right IC. Commissural cells were labeled throughout the left IC, and many (23-34%) appeared to be contacted by cortical axons. In the central nucleus, both disc-shaped and stellate cells were contacted. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) were used to identify GABAergic commissural cells. The majority (\textgreater86%) of labeled commissural cells were GAD-immunonegative. Despite low numbers of GAD-immunopositive commissural cells, some of these cells were contacted by cortical boutons. Nonetheless, most cortically contacted commissural cells were GAD-immunonegative (i.e., presumably glutamatergic). We conclude that auditory cortical axons contact primarily excitatory commissural cells in the ipsilateral IC that project to the contralateral IC. These corticocollicular contacts occur in each subdivision of the ipsilateral IC, suggesting involvement of commissural cells throughout the IC. This pathway - from AC to commissural cells in the ipsilateral IC - is a prime candidate for the excitatory effects of activation of the auditory cortex on responses in the contralateral IC. Overall this suggests that the auditory corticofugal pathway is integrated with midbrain commissural connections.
Nakamoto Kyle T; Sowick Colleen S; Schofield Brett R
Hearing research
2013
2013-12
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2013.10.003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.heares.2013.10.003</a>
Does empiric therapy for atypical pathogens improve outcomes for patients with CAP?
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Antibiotics – Therapeutic Use; Clinical Trials; Clinical Trials as Topic; Community-Acquired Infections – Drug Therapy; Community-Acquired Infections – Microbiology; Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy/microbiology; Humans; Pneumonia – Drug Therapy; Pneumonia – Microbiology; Pneumonia/*drug therapy/microbiology
The present controversy regarding the need to cover atypical pathogens in the empiric therapy of community-acquired pneumonia is related to several issues, including the relevance of terminology, imprecise diagnostic methods, and perceived contradictory results of published evidence. Studies evaluating the time to clinical recovery and the use of earlier endpoints for evaluation suggest that appropriate therapy provides a benefit if an atypical pathogen is a pathogen. Because recent surveillance studies suggest these pathogens are common and until there is the availability of accurate, cost-effective, and easily interpreted laboratory tests to provide the etiologic diagnosis at the time of point of care, empiric therapy of atypical pathogens is supported.
File Thomas M Jr; Marrie Thomas J
Infectious disease clinics of North America
2013
2013-03
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2012.11.005" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.idc.2012.11.005</a>
Elder abuse: dermatologic clues and critical solutions.
*Mandatory Reporting; Aged; Alopecia – Etiology; Alopecia/etiology; Burns – Etiology; Burns/etiology; Contusions and Abrasions – Etiology; Contusions/etiology; Elder Abuse – Diagnosis; Elder Abuse – Prevention and Control; Elder Abuse/*diagnosis/prevention & control; Humans; Lacerations/etiology; Mandatory Reporting; Risk Factors; Tears and Lacerations – Etiology
Elder abuse affects approximately 2% to 10% of older Americans. Unfortunately, it is often unrecognized and certainly underreported. Dermatologists have a unique role in the detection and reporting of elder abuse. An analysis of risk factors, clinical signs, reporting requirements, and prevention of elder abuse brings this issue into focus.
Palmer Matthew; Brodell Robert T; Mostow Eliot N
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2013
2013-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2011.03.016" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.jaad.2011.03.016</a>
An evidence-based checklist for melanoma patient triage.
*Checklist; Checklists; Evidence-Based; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Medical Practice; Melanoma – Diagnosis; Melanoma/*diagnosis; Practice Guidelines; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Skin Neoplasms – Diagnosis; Skin Neoplasms/*diagnosis; Triage – Standards; Triage/*standards
Koogler Andrew T; Mostow Eliot N
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2013
2013-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.04.022" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.jaad.2013.04.022</a>
Reducing cognitive errors in dermatology: can anything be done?
Cognition; cognitive science; Dermatology/*standards; diagnostic errors; Diagnostic Errors/classification/*prevention & control; differential diagnosis; Humans; patient safety; quality assurance
An increasing focus on the prevention of medical errors is a direct result of a growing patient safety movement. Although the reduction of technical errors has been the focus of most interventions, cognitive errors, usually more than one error linked together, actually cause the majority of misdiagnoses. This article examines the most common types of cognitive errors in dermatology. Two methods to minimize these errors are recommended: first, cognitive debiasing techniques reduce the common initiating factor of error cascades; and secondly, the application of prospective hindsight attacks the final common pathway that leads to misdiagnosis.
Dunbar Miles; Helms Stephen E; Brodell Robert T
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2013
2013-11
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.07.008" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.jaad.2013.07.008</a>
21-Year-old male with severe coronary atherosclerosis.
Cardiovascular risk factors; Coronary heart disease; Premature coronary disease
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is not limited to middle-aged and elderly individuals; when premature CHD develops in the younger population, it has distinct characteristics in terms of lipid profile, risk factors, and clinical presentation. The following describes a 21-year-old male who presented with stable angina, underwent a full cardiac workup, and was ultimately found to have multivessel CHD. In summary, the presence of mild dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, obesity, and a family history was sufficient to induce ischemic heart disease at such a young age. .
Mirza Sajid Muneer; Haller Nairmeen Awad; Dalia Adam; Cho Donald
Journal of cardiology cases
2013
2013-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jccase.2013.02.002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.jccase.2013.02.002</a>
Selective lateral compartment neck dissection for thyroid cancer.
80 and over; Adenocarcinoma; Adult; Aged; Carcinoma; Female; Follicular/mortality/secondary/surgery; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Local/mortality/pathology/surgery; Lymph Node Excision/*methods; Lymph Nodes/anatomy & histology/surgery; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Medullary/mortality/secondary/*surgery; Middle Aged; Morbidity; Neck Dissection/*methods; Neck Muscles/anatomy & histology/surgery; Neoplasm Recurrence; Papillary/mortality/secondary/surgery; Retrospective Studies; Selective lateral compartment neck dissection; Thyroid cancer; Thyroid Neoplasms/mortality/pathology/*surgery; Thyroidectomy/*methods; Young Adult
BACKGROUND: Compartment-oriented lymph node dissection in patients with thyroid cancer and macroscopic lymph node metastases reduces recurrence and improves survival. However, the extent of lymph node dissection remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to examine the results of selective lateral compartment neck dissection (LCND) for thyroid cancer. METHODS: We completed a retrospective review of patients with thyroid cancer who underwent selective LCND from
Welch Kellen; McHenry Christopher R
The Journal of surgical research
2013
2013-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2013.04.084" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.jss.2013.04.084</a>
Failure of axonal transport induces a spatially coincident increase in astrocyte BDNF prior to synapse loss in a central target.
Animal; Animals; Astrocytes/*metabolism; Axonal Transport/*physiology; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/*metabolism; Disease Models; Glaucoma/genetics/*metabolism; Messenger/genetics/metabolism; Mice; Optic Nerve Diseases/genetics/metabolism; Rats; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*metabolism; RNA; Superior Colliculi/metabolism; Synapses/*metabolism; Visual Pathways/metabolism
Failure of anterograde transport to distal targets in the brain is a common feature of neurodegenerative diseases. We have demonstrated in rodent models of glaucoma, the most common optic neuropathy, early loss of anterograde transport along the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projection to the superior colliculus (SC) is retinotopic and followed by a period of persistence of RGC axon terminals and synapses through unknown molecular pathways. Here we use the DBA/2J mouse model of hereditary glaucoma and an acute rat model to demonstrate that retinotopically focal transport deficits in the SC are accompanied by a spatially coincident increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), especially in hypertrophic astrocytes. These neurochemical changes occur prior to loss of RGC synapses in the DBA/2J SC. In contrast to BDNF protein, levels of Bdnf mRNA decreased with transport failure, even as mRNA encoding synaptic structures remained unchanged. In situ hybridization signal for Bdnf mRNA was the strongest in SC neurons, and labeling for the immature precursor pro-BDNF was very limited. Subcellular fractionation of SC indicated that membrane-bound BDNF decreased with age in the DBA/2J, while BDNF released from vesicles remained high. These results suggest that in response to diminished axonal function, activated astrocytes in the brain may sequester mature BDNF released from target neurons to counter stressors that otherwise would challenge survival of projection synapses.
Crish S D; Dapper J D; MacNamee S E; Balaram P; Sidorova T N; Lambert W S; Calkins D J
Neuroscience
2013
2013-01
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.069" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.069</a>
Analysis of excitatory synapses in the guinea pig inferior colliculus: a study using electron microscopy and GABA immunocytochemistry.
*Inferior Colliculi/cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure; *Microscopy; Animals; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism; Guinea Pigs; Immunoelectron; Male; NADPH Dehydrogenase/metabolism; Neurons/metabolism/*ultrastructure; Presynaptic Terminals/metabolism/ultrastructure; Synapses/*physiology/*ultrastructure
The inferior colliculus (IC) integrates ascending auditory input from the lower brainstem and descending input from the auditory cortex. Understanding how IC cells integrate these inputs requires identification of their synaptic arrangements. We describe excitatory synapses in the dorsal cortex, central nucleus, and lateral cortex of the IC (ICd, ICc and IClc) in guinea pigs. We used electron microscopy (EM) and post-embedding anti-GABA immunogold histochemistry on aldehyde-fixed tissue from pigmented adult guinea pigs. Excitatory synapses were identified by round vesicles, asymmetric synaptic junctions, and gamma-aminobutyric acid-immunonegative (GABA-negative) presynaptic boutons. Excitatory synapses constitute approximately 60% of the synapses in each IC subdivision. Three types can be distinguished by presynaptic profile area and number of mitochondrial profiles. Large excitatory (LE) boutons are more than 2 mum(2) in area and usually contain five or more mitochondrial profiles. Small excitatory (SE) boutons are usually less than 0.7 mum(2) in area and usually contain 0 or 1 mitochondria. Medium excitatory (ME) boutons are intermediate in size and usually contain 2 to 4 mitochondria. LE boutons are mostly confined to the ICc, while the other two types are present throughout the IC. Dendritic spines are the most common target of excitatory boutons in the IC dorsal cortex, whereas dendritic shafts are the most common target in other IC subdivisions. Finally, each bouton type terminates on both gamma-aminobutyric acid-immunopositive (GABA+) and GABA-negative (i.e., glutamatergic) targets, with terminations on GABA-negative profiles being much more frequent. The ultrastructural differences between the three types of boutons presumably reflect different origins and may indicate differences in postsynaptic effect. Despite such differences in origins, each of the bouton types contact both GABAergic and non-GABAergic IC cells, and could be expected to activate both excitatory and inhibitory IC circuits.
Nakamoto K T; Mellott J G; Killius J; Storey-Workley M E; Sowick C S; Schofield B R
Neuroscience
2013
2013-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.061" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.061</a>
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the penis: a case report and review of the literature.
Biopsy; Combined Modality Therapy; Diagnosis; Differential; Humans; Infant; Male; Neurilemmoma – Diagnosis; Neurilemmoma – Therapy; Neurilemmoma/*diagnosis/therapy; Penile Neoplasms – Diagnosis; Penile Neoplasms – Therapy; Penile Neoplasms/*diagnosis/therapy; Tomography; X-Ray Computed
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are rare soft tissue sarcomas that arise from peripheral nerve fibers and are derived from Schwann cells, perineural cells, or fibroblasts. MPNST is an aggressive neoplasm in which local recurrence is common and complete excision of the mass should be the goal of surgery. We report a case of MPNST involving the penis in a 14-month-old boy. This is only the second reported case of penile MPNST without evidence of neurofibromatosis 1 and the first of which to occur in a patient this young.
Parekh Neel; Cockrell Erin; McMahon Daniel
Urology
2013
2013-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2012.12.032" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.urology.2012.12.032</a>
TRPV4 channels mediate cardiac fibroblast differentiation by integrating mechanical and soluble signals.
*Calcium Signaling; *Cell Differentiation; *Mechanotransduction; Animals; Cellular; Extracellular Matrix/metabolism/physiology; Fibroblasts/*physiology; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Male; Monoterpenes/pharmacology; Myocardium/cytology; Myofibroblasts/metabolism; Rats; RNA; Small Interfering/genetics; Sprague-Dawley; Transforming Growth Factor beta1/physiology; TRPM Cation Channels/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism; TRPV Cation Channels/genetics/*metabolism
The phenotypic switch underlying the differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts into hypersecretory myofibroblasts is critical for cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction. Myofibroblasts facilitate wound repair in the myocardium by secreting and organizing extracellular matrix (ECM) during the wound healing process. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in myofibroblast differentiation are not well known. TGF-beta has been shown to promote differentiation and this, combined with the robust mechanical environment in the heart, lead us to hypothesize that the mechanotransduction and TGF-beta signaling pathways play active roles in the differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Here, we show that the mechanosensitve ion channel TRPV4 is required for TGF-beta1-induced differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. We found that the TRPV4-specific antagonist AB159908 and siRNA knockdown of TRPV4 significantly inhibited TGFbeta1-induced differentiation as measured by incorporation of alpha-SMA into stress fibers. Further, we found that
Adapala Ravi K; Thoppil Roslin J; Luther Daniel J; Paruchuri Sailaja; Meszaros J Gary; Chilian William M; Thodeti Charles K
Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology
2013
2013-01
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.10.016" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.10.016</a>
Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of patients with Fusobacterium bacteraemia.
*Hospital Mortality; 80 and over; 80 and Over; Adult; Aged; Bacteremia – Mortality; Bacteremia – Physiopathology; Bacteremia/*mortality/physiopathology; Creatinine – Blood; Creatinine/blood; Female; Fusobacterium Infections – Mortality; Fusobacterium Infections – Physiopathology; Fusobacterium Infections/*mortality/physiopathology; Hospital Mortality; Hospitals; Human; Humans; Intensive Care Units – Statistics and Numerical Data; Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data; Length of Stay – Statistics and Numerical Data; Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data; Male; Middle Age; Middle Aged; Retrospective Design; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Special – Statistics and Numerical Data; Tertiary Care Centers/*statistics & numerical data; Treatment Outcome; Treatment Outcomes; United States; United States/epidemiology
This 10-year retrospective study assessed the epidemiology and outcomes of patients with Fusobacterium bacteraemia (FB) at a tertiary-care hospital in the
Goldberg E A; Venkat-Ramani T; Hewit M; Bonilla H F
Epidemiology and infection
2013
2013-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268812000660" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1017/S0950268812000660</a>
Direct care staff and parents'/legal guardians' perspectives on end-of-life care in a long-term care facility for medically fragile and intellectually disabled pediatric and young adult residents.
Adolescence; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Caregivers – Psychosocial Factors; Caregivers/*psychology; Child; Clinical Assessment Tools; Disabled – Psychosocial Factors; Disabled Children/*psychology; Female; Hospital – Psychosocial Factors; Hospital/*psychology; Human; Humans; Impact of Events Scale; Infant; Long Term Care – Psychosocial Factors; Long-Term Care/*psychology; Male; Middle Age; Middle Aged; Newborn; Nursing Staff; Ohio; Parents – Psychosocial Factors; Parents/*psychology; Pediatric Nursing; Preschool; Scales; Terminal Care – Psychosocial Factors; Terminal Care/*psychology; Young Adult
OBJECTIVE: Children and young adults with severe disabilities and their families are faced with enormous challenges throughout the lifespan, including admitting the child to a long-term care facility (LTCF) and making end-of-life (EOL) care decisions. While children are residents of these specialized LTCF, the majority of their daily care, even up until death, is provided by nursing aides or habilitation aides (HAs) with limited training and educational backgrounds compared with other licensed healthcare providers. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of a resident's EOL experience on the primary HAs and parents/guardians. METHOD: Thirty-five resident deaths occurred at Hattie Larlham Center for Children with Disabilities (HLCCD) between January 1, 2006 and February 28, 2009. The HAs and parents/legal guardians were identified for each death and invited to complete three surveys per resident (FAMCARE, Impact of Events Scale (IES)-revised, and Perspective on End-of-Life Care) to assess their experience. There were 112 surveys mailed to 62 HAs and 47 surveys mailed to 47 parents. RESULTS: Forty-two surveys were returned from 18/62 HAs (response rate 29%) and 11/47 parents/legal guardians completed the surveys (response rate 23%). The FAMCARE survey found that parents were more satisfied with the EOL care than were the HAs. The IES-revised found no difference in traumatic responses from either group. Comments from the Perspective on End-of-Life Care survey were analyzed qualitatively for common themes including pain control, respect, decision making, environmental needs, resources, and support. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: Because of a low response rate, it was difficult to draw significant conclusions; however, several interesting trends were noted regarding the number of deaths HAs experienced, satisfaction with care, and distress. The special needs of this population and their caregivers can provide crucial insights into interventions (e.g. chaplaincy support, debriefings, anticipatory counseling, environmental changes) that might be of benefit for any caregiver or parent of a child with a long-term, chronic condition, particularly involving developmental disability.
Grossberg Richard I; Blackford Martha; Friebert Sarah; Benore Ethan; Reed Michael D
Palliative & supportive care
2013
2013-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951512000326" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1017/S1478951512000326</a>
Clinical process examples of cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis.
*Psychotherapeutic Processes; Adult; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/*methods; Cognitive Therapy – Methods; Cooperative Behavior; Culture; Defense Mechanisms; Delusions – Psychosocial Factors; Delusions – Therapy; Delusions/psychology/therapy; Female; Hallucinations – Psychosocial Factors; Hallucinations – Therapy; Hallucinations/psychology/therapy; Humans; Internal-External Control; Locus of Control; Male; Middle Age; Middle Aged; Models; Paranoid Disorders – Psychosocial Factors; Paranoid Disorders – Therapy; Paranoid Disorders/psychology/therapy; Psychological; Psychology; Psychotherapeutic Processes; Psychotic Disorders – Psychosocial Factors; Psychotic Disorders – Therapy; Psychotic Disorders/psychology/*therapy; Schizophrenia – Therapy; Schizophrenia/therapy; Schizophrenic Psychology
Interest in the practice of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for persistent psychotic symptoms (CBT-p) has increased dramatically in the last decade. Despite the widespread interest, it remains challenging to obtain adequate training in this approach in the United States. This article provides a few hypothetical examples of the types of interventions commonly used in CBT-p. We provide information about the theoretical basis for the techniques and related research support. We also provide references that offer more detailed discussion of the theory and application of the techniques.
Sivec Harry J; Montesano Vicki L
Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.)
2013
2013-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1037/a0032597" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1037/a0032597</a>
Response to Protocol Review Scenario: is the change significant?
*Adaptation; *Animal Care Committees; *Restraint; Animal Welfare/*standards; Animals; Laboratory Animal Science/*standards; Physical; Psychological
Horne Walter I; Riccio David C
Lab animal
2013
2013-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1038/laban.216" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1038/laban.216</a>
Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor alpha regulates diurnal rhythm and fasting induction of sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase in bile acid synthesis.
Animals; Bile Acids and Salts/*biosynthesis; Cholesterol; Cholesterol/*biosynthesis/genetics; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology; Diabetes; Diabetes Mellitus; Enzyme Induction/physiology; Fasting/*metabolism; Fatty Liver/drug therapy/genetics/metabolism/pathology; Group F; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Member 1/genetics/*metabolism; Mice; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1; Nuclear Receptors; Obesity; Phosphorylation/physiology; Protein Kinases/genetics/metabolism; Response Elements/physiology; Steroid 12-alpha-Hydroxylase/*biosynthesis/genetics; Type 2/drug therapy/genetics/metabolism/pathology
Sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) is required for cholic acid synthesis and plays a critical role in intestinal cholesterol absorption and pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstone, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. In this study we investigated the underlying mechanism of fasting induction and circadian rhythm of CYP8B1 by a cholesterol-activated nuclear receptor and core clock gene retinoic acid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORalpha). Fasting stimulated, whereas restricted-feeding reduced expression of CYP8B1 mRNA and protein. However, fasting and feeding had little effect on the diurnal rhythm of RORalpha mRNA expression, but fasting increased RORalpha protein levels by cAMP-activated protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation and stabilization of the protein. Adenovirus-mediated gene transduction of RORalpha to mice strongly induced CYP8B1 expression, and increased liver cholesterol and 12alpha-hydroxylated bile acids in the bile acid pool and serum. A reporter assay identified a functional RORalpha response element in the CYP8B1 promoter. RORalpha recruited cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP) to stimulate histone acetylation on the CYP8B1 gene promoter. In conclusion, RORalpha is a key regulator of diurnal rhythm and fasting induction of CYP8B1, which regulates bile acid composition and serum and liver cholesterol levels. Antagonizing RORalpha activity may be a therapeutic strategy for treating inflammatory diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes.
Pathak Preeti; Li Tiangang; Chiang John Y L
The Journal of biological chemistry
2013
2013-12
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.485987" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1074/jbc.M113.485987</a>
Chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of tea polyphenols in hepatocellular cancer.
*Anticarcinogenic Agents; Animal; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Biological Availability; Biological Markers; Carcinoma; Catechin/administration & dosage/analogs & derivatives; Chemoprevention; Disease Models; Hepatocellular – Physiopathology; Hepatocellular – Prevention and Control; Hepatocellular – Therapy; Human; Humans; In Vitro Studies; In Vivo Studies; Liver Neoplasms/*drug therapy/*prevention & control; Mice; Neoplasms – Prevention and Control; Nutrition; Outcomes (Health Care); Phenols – Therapeutic Use; Polyphenols/*administration & dosage/pharmacology; Tea – Therapeutic Use; Tea/*chemistry; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
The prophylactic and therapeutic properties of tea have been attributed to green tea catechins and black tea theaflavins besides several other polyphenolic compounds. Tea polyphenols possess potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties and modulate several signaling pathways. These biochemical facets of tea polyphenols are responsible for its anticancer properties. Several lethal cancers, such as liver cancer, develop within a background of oxidative stress and inflammation. Liver cancer, also known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has been shown to occur throughout the world including Asia, Africa, Western Europe, and the United States. Phytochemicals, such as tea polyphenols, provide an effective and promising alternative for the chemoprevention and treatment of HCC. In this article, we systematically review, for the first time, the effects of tea polyphenols in the preclinical in vitro and in vivo HCC models. The review also examines, in critical detail, the biochemical mechanisms involved in the chemopreventive and antineoplastic effects of tea polyphenols in hepatic cancer. Finally, we highlight the role of synergy, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of tea polyphenols, current status of clinical trials, discuss future directions, and comment on the future challenges involved in the effective use of tea polyphenols for the prevention and management of liver cancer.
Darvesh Altaf S; Bishayee Anupam
Nutrition and cancer
2013
1905-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2013.767367" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1080/01635581.2013.767367</a>
Dissolution of ESCROs and evolution of a national ethics committee for scientific advancement.
*Policy Making; *Public Policy; *Stem Cell Research; Embryo Research – Ethical Issues; Ethics Committees; Government Regulations – United States; Humans; Institutional Review; Stem Cell Research – Ethical Issues; United States
Aultman Julie
The American journal of bioethics : AJOB
2013
2013
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2012.747023" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1080/15265161.2012.747023</a>
Primary care, the ROAD less traveled: what first-year medical students want in a specialty.
*Career Choice; *Life Style; *Primary Health Care; *Specialization; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Medical/*psychology; Students; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States
PURPOSE: Medical students are increasingly choosing non-primary-care specialties. Students consider lifestyle in selecting their specialty, but how entering medical students perceive lifestyle is unknown. This study investigates how first-year students value or rate lifestyle domains and specialty-selection characteristics and whether their ratings vary by interest in primary care (PC). METHOD: During the 2012-2013 academic year, the authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of first-year medical students from 11 MD-granting medical schools. Using a five-point Likert-type scale (1 = not important at all; 5 = extremely important), respondents rated the importance of 5 domains of good lifestyle and 21 characteristics related to specialty selection. The authors classified students into five groups by PC interest and assessed differences by PC interest using one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: Of 1,704 participants, 1,020 responded (60%). The option "type of work I am doing" was the highest-rated lifestyle domain (mean 4.8, standard deviation [SD] 0.6). "Being satisfied with the job" was the highest-rated specialty-selection characteristic (mean 4.7, SD 0.5). "Availability of practice locations in rural areas" was rated lowest (mean 2.0, SD 1.1). As PC interest decreased, the importance of "opportunities to work with underserved populations" also decreased, but importance of "average salary earned" increased (effect sizes of 0.98 and 0.94, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: First-year students valued enjoying work. The importance of financial compensation was inversely associated with interest in PC. Examining the determinants of enjoyable work may inform interventions to help students attain professional fulfillment in PC.
Clinite Kimberly L; Reddy Shalini T; Kazantsev Stephanie M; Kogan Jennifer R; Durning Steven J; Blevins Terri; Chou Calvin L; Diemer Gretchen; Dunne Dana W; Fagan Mark J; Hartung Paul J; Mechaber Hilit F; Paauw Douglas S; Wong Jeffrey G; DeZee Kent J
Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges
2013
2013-10
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182a316eb" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182a316eb</a>
Long-term results of percutaneous lumbar decompression for LSS: two-year outcomes.
80 and over; 80 and Over; Aged; Cohort Studies; Decompression; Disability Evaluation; Female; Human; Humans; Intermittent Claudication – Complications; Intermittent Claudication – Surgery; Intermittent Claudication/complications/surgery; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Middle Age; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Questionnaires; Spinal Stenosis – Complications; Spinal Stenosis – Surgery; Spinal Stenosis/complications/*surgery; Surgical – Methods; Surgical/*methods; Surveys and Questionnaires; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Treatment Outcomes; Visual Analog Scale; Visual Analog Scaling
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this report was to evaluate the long-term effectiveness and safety of mild lumbar decompression for the treatment of neurogenic claudication associated with lumbar spinal stenosis. This technique uses a percutaneous dorsal approach to remove small portions of ligament and lamina, thereby restoring space and decompressing the spinal canal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two-year data are reported for 45 patients treated with mild decompression at 11 US sites. Outcome measures included the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index, and Zurich Claudication Questionnaire. Safety was monitored throughout the procedural and follow-up period for all patients. Interim data are included for these patients at 1 week, 6 months, and 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: Seventy-one percent of patients reported improvement in VAS at the end of the reporting period. At 2 years, patients demonstrated a statistically significant reduction of pain as measured by VAS, and improvement in physical function and mobility was significant as measured by Zurich Claudication Questionnaire and Oswestry Disability Index. Tukey honestly significant different test found significant improvement in all outcome measures from baseline to each follow-up interval. Further, major improvement occurred by 1-week follow-up and showed no difference between each subsequent follow-up, signifying considerable stability and durability of the initial result over time. No major device or intraprocedural adverse events were reported. DISCUSSION: In this report of 2-year follow-up on 45 patients treated with mild percutaneous lumbar decompression, patients experienced statistically significant pain relief and improved functionality.
Chopko Bohdan W
The Clinical journal of pain
2013
2013-11
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31827fb803" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/AJP.0b013e31827fb803</a>
Lumbar spine fractures within a complete American cohort: epidemiology and risk factors among military service members.
*Warfare; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Cohort Studies; Comorbidity; Female; Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae/*injuries; Male; Middle Aged; Military Personnel/*statistics & numerical data; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sex Distribution; Spinal Cord Injuries/*epidemiology; Spinal Fractures/*epidemiology; United States/epidemiology; Young Adult
STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective database review. OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence of, and risk factors for, lumbar spine fractures within the population of the US military. SUMMARYOF BACKGROUND DATA: Fractures of the lumbar region are an important health concern; however, the epidemiology of this injury has not been extensively studied in the United States. METHODS: International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification, Ninth Revision codes for lumbar spine fractures were used in a search of the Defense Medical Epidemiology Database, identifying all individuals who sustained such injuries between 2001 and 2010. The database was also used to obtain the complete number of individuals serving in the Armed Forces over the same time period. Information regarding race, rank, branch of service, sex, and age was obtained for all individuals identified as having lumbar spine fractures as well as for the whole military population. The incidence of lumbar spine fractures was determined for the cohort. Unadjusted incidence rates were derived for risk factors and multivariate Poisson regression analysis, controlling for all other risks, was used to obtain adjusted incidence rate ratios and identify statistically significant risks for lumbar fractures. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2010, the overall incidence of lumbar fractures was 0.38 per 1000 person-years. Male sex, white race, enlisted ranks, service in the Army and Marines, and age were found to be significant predictors of lumbar spine fracture. Service in the Army demonstrated the highest rate of lumbar fractures (0.48 per 1000 person-years). CONCLUSIONS: This investigation is the first to document the incidence and postulate risk factors for lumbar spine fracture in an American population. In this study, males, whites, enlisted personnel, those serving in the Army and Marines, and individuals aged 20-24 or greater than 40 were found to be at an increased risk of lumbar fracture.
Schoenfeld Andrew J; Romano David; Bader Julia O; Walker John J
Journal of spinal disorders & techniques
2013
2013-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/BSD.0b013e31823f3237" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/BSD.0b013e31823f3237</a>
Lung cancer metastatic to breast: case report and review of the literature.
Adenocarcinoma; Adenocarcinoma – Ultrasonography; Adenocarcinoma/*diagnostic imaging/*secondary; Breast Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms – Ultrasonography; Breast Neoplasms/*diagnostic imaging/*secondary; Diagnosis; Differential; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms – Ultrasonography; Lung Neoplasms/*diagnostic imaging; Mammary/*methods; Middle Age; Middle Aged; Ultrasonography; Ultrasonography – Methods
The incidence of metastases to the breast from nonbreast carcinoma is less than 1% of all breast cancers; of these, adenocarcinoma of the lung to breast is a small proportion (\textless0.1% of breast carcinomas). The imaging findings of a case of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma to the breast are presented with a review of the literature. Imaging findings including elastography suggesting the breast mass is not a primary breast cancer are highlighted. The importance of notifying the pathologist that nonbreast metastatic disease is in the differential is discussed. The use of appropriate tumor markers is needed; otherwise, the lesion may be interpreted as a triple negative breast cancer.
Sousaris Nicholas; Mendelsohn Geoffrey; Barr Richard G
Ultrasound quarterly
2013
2013-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/RUQ.0b013e3182a00fc4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/RUQ.0b013e3182a00fc4</a>
Fat embolism after liposuction in Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome.
Adult/etiology; Embolism; Fat/*etiology; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome/*surgery; Lipectomy/*adverse effects; Lower Extremity/blood supply/surgery; Postoperative Complications; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Vascular Malformations/surgery; Young Adult
Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is a rare but potentially fatal postoperative complication from liposuction. We present the case of a 24-year-old woman with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome who developed FES as a complication of lower extremity liposuction. There may be an increased risk of FES in patients with vascular malformations undergoing liposuction.
Zeidman Michael; Durand Paul; Kundu Neilendu; Doumit Gaby
The Journal of craniofacial surgery
2013
2013-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/SCS.0b013e3182953a63" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/SCS.0b013e3182953a63</a>