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              <text>&lt;a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199110000-00020" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199110000-00020&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>622–624</text>
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              <text>10</text>
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              <text>66</text>
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                <text>Ethical principles contained in currently professed medical oaths.</text>
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                <text>Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges</text>
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                <text>1991</text>
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                <text>1991-10</text>
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                <text>*Codes of Ethics; *Ethics; *Hippocratic Oath; Beneficence; Bioethics and Professional Ethics; Confidentiality; Empirical Approach; Humans; Medical; Patient Advocacy; Personal Autonomy; Physician-Patient Relations; Social Justice; United States</text>
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                <text>Dickstein E; Erlen J; Erlen J A</text>
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                <text>This study analyzed the pledges received from all U.S. medical schools accredited in 1989 by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education of both the Association of American Medical Colleges and the American Medical Association to determine what pledges were affirmed and what ethical principles they contained. The Oath of Hippocrates was the most frequently affirmed pledge (the wording of which was used by 60 schools). Few oaths clearly demonstrated respect for patients' autonomy. The principle of veracity was not evident in any oath. However, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice were evident in half of the pledges, and confidentiality was included in three-fourths of them. The authors conclude that the medical oaths failed to address the changing doctor-patient relationship emerging in the 1990s, whereas they continued to affirm traditional principles of nonmaleficence and beneficence.</text>
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              <text>&lt;a href="http://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2002.0019" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;http://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2002.0019&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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              <text>104–124</text>
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              <text>1</text>
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                <text>Literary inquiry and professional development in medicine: against abstractions.</text>
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                <text>Perspectives in biology and medicine</text>
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                <text>Humans; Altruism; Education; *Professional Competence; Narration; *Literature; Bioethics and Professional Ethics; Medical/*methods</text>
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                <text>Wear Delese; Nixon Lois LaCivita</text>
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                <text>The professional development discourse currently circulating in academic medicine owes much to the work of the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) and their Project Professionalism. They identify the elements of altruism, duty, excellence, honor and integrity, accountability, and respect for others as forming the basis of professional development. While an admirable effort, Project Professionalism remains primarily an abstract set of attitudes and behaviors with a number of vignettes that are of limited use to medical educators attempting to foster the development of professionalism in medical students. This paper outlines an approach to professional development grounded in medical narratives written by physicians, including memoirs, essays, and poetry, that may help students grapple with the challenges of medicine that involve those very elements put forth by ABIM. An argument is made that literature may be a superior medium for engagement with these elements because of its ability to evoke discomfort and vulnerability in ways the case report does not.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2002.0019" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;10.1353/pbm.2002.0019&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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