1
40
6
-
Text
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URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22683" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22683</a>
Pages
565–576
Issue
4
Volume
156
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Angular momentum and arboreal stability in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).
Publisher
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American journal of physical anthropology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015
2015-04
Subject
The topic of the resource
Animals; Anthropology; Anthropometry; asymmetrical gaits; balance; Biomechanical Phenomena/*physiology; Callithrix/*physiology; center of mass; Gait/*physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Male; Physical; Postural Balance/physiology; primate locomotor evolution; torque; Torque
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Chadwell Brad A; Young Jesse W
Description
An account of the resource
Despite the importance that concepts of arboreal stability have in theories of primate locomotor evolution, we currently lack measures of balance performance during primate locomotion. We provide the first quantitative data on locomotor stability in an arboreal primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), predicting that primates should maximize arboreal stability by minimizing side-to-side angular momentum about the support (i.e., Lsup ). If net Lsup becomes excessive, the animal will be unable to arrest its angular movement and will fall. Using a novel, highly integrative experimental procedure we directly measured whole-body Lsup in two adult marmosets moving along narrow (2.5 cm diameter) and broad (5 cm diameter) poles. Marmosets showed a strong preference for asymmetrical gaits (e.g., gallops and bounds) over symmetrical gaits (e.g., walks and runs), with asymmetrical gaits representing \textgreater90% of all strides. Movement on the narrow support was associated with an increase in more "grounded" gaits (i.e., lacking an aerial phase) and a more even distribution of torque production between the fore- and hind limbs. These adjustments in gait dynamics significantly reduced net Lsup on the narrow support relative to the broad support. Despite their lack of a well-developed grasping apparatus, marmosets proved adept at producing muscular "grasping" torques about the support, particularly with the hind limbs. We contend that asymmetrical gaits permit small-bodied arboreal mammals, including primates, to expand "effective grasp" by gripping the substrate between left and right limbs of a girdle. This model of arboreal stability may hold important implications for understanding primate locomotor evolution.
Identifier
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22683" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.22683</a>
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Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
2015
American journal of physical anthropology
Animals
Anthropology
Anthropometry
asymmetrical gaits
Balance
Biomechanical Phenomena/*physiology
Callithrix/*physiology
center of mass
Chadwell Brad A
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Gait/*physiology
Locomotion/*physiology
Male
NEOMED College of Medicine
Physical
Postural Balance/physiology
primate locomotor evolution
Torque
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1948" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1948</a>
Pages
556–566
Issue
8
Volume
323
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Tail function during arboreal quadrupedalism in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) and tamarins (Saguinus oedipus).
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015
2015-10
Subject
The topic of the resource
Animals; Extremities/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Gait; Motor Activity/*physiology; Postural Balance; Saguinus/*physiology; Saimiri/*physiology; Tail/*physiology
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Young Jesse W; Russo Gabrielle A; Fellmann Connie D; Thatikunta Meena A; Chadwell Brad A
Description
An account of the resource
The need to maintain stability on narrow branches is often presented as a major selective force shaping primate morphology, with adaptations to facilitate grasping receiving particular attention. The functional importance of a long and mobile tail for maintaining arboreal stability has been comparatively understudied. Tails can facilitate arboreal balance by acting as either static counterbalances or dynamic inertial appendages able to modulate whole-body angular momentum. We investigate associations between tail use and inferred grasping ability in two closely related cebid platyrrhines-cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and black-capped squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis). Using high-speed videography of captive monkeys moving on 3.2 cm diameter poles, we specifically test the hypothesis that squirrel monkeys (characterized by grasping extremities with long digits) will be less dependent on the tail for balance than tamarins (characterized by claw-like nails, short digits, and a reduced hallux). Tamarins have relatively longer tails than squirrel monkeys, move their tails through greater angular amplitudes, at higher angular velocities, and with greater angular accelerations, suggesting dynamic use of tail to regulate whole-body angular momentum. By contrast, squirrel monkeys generally hold their tails in a comparatively stationary posture and at more depressed angles, suggesting a static counterbalancing mechanism. This study, the first empirical test of functional tradeoffs between grasping ability and tail use in arboreal primates, suggests a critical role for the tail in maintaining stability during arboreal quadrupedalism. Our findings have the potential to inform our functional understanding of tail loss during primate evolution.
Identifier
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1948" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/jez.1948</a>
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Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
2015
Animals
Chadwell Brad A
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Extremities/anatomy & histology/*physiology
Fellmann Connie D
Gait
Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology
Motor Activity/*physiology
NEOMED College of Medicine
Postural Balance
Russo Gabrielle A
Saguinus/*physiology
Saimiri/*physiology
Tail/*physiology
Thatikunta Meena A
Young Jesse W
-
Text
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URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421926112" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421926112</a>
Pages
2812–2816
Issue
9
Volume
112
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Moth tails divert bat attack: evolution of acoustic deflection.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015
2015-03
Subject
The topic of the resource
*Biological Evolution; *Chiroptera; Animal Structures/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Animals; antipredator defense; bat-moth interactions; Food Chain; Lepidoptera; Moths/*physiology; Saturniidae
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Barber Jesse R; Leavell Brian C; Keener Adam L; Breinholt Jesse W; Chadwell Brad A; McClure Christopher J W; Hill Geena M; Kawahara Akito Y
Description
An account of the resource
Adaptations to divert the attacks of visually guided predators have evolved repeatedly in animals. Using high-speed infrared videography, we show that luna moths (Actias luna) generate an acoustic diversion with spinning hindwing tails to deflect echolocating bat attacks away from their body and toward these nonessential appendages. We pit luna moths against big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) and demonstrate a survival advantage of approximately 47% for moths with tails versus those that had their tails removed. The benefit of hindwing tails is equivalent to the advantage conferred to moths by bat-detecting ears. Moth tails lured bat attacks to these wing regions during 55% of interactions between bats and intact luna moths. We analyzed flight kinematics of moths with and without hindwing tails and suggest that tails have a minimal role in flight performance. Using a robust phylogeny, we find that long spatulate tails have independently evolved four times in saturniid moths, further supporting the selective advantage of this anti-bat strategy. Diversionary tactics are perhaps more common than appreciated in predator-prey interactions. Our finding suggests that focusing on the sensory ecologies of key predators will reveal such countermeasures in prey.
Identifier
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421926112" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1073/pnas.1421926112</a>
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Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
*Biological Evolution
*Chiroptera
2015
Animal Structures/anatomy & histology/*physiology
Animals
antipredator defense
Barber Jesse R
bat-moth interactions
Breinholt Jesse W
Chadwell Brad A
Food Chain
Hill Geena M
Kawahara Akito Y
Keener Adam L
Leavell Brian C
Lepidoptera
McClure Christopher J W
Moths/*physiology
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Saturniidae
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.140939" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.140939</a>
Pages
2659–2672
Volume
219
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Effects of support diameter and compliance on common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) gait kinematics.
Publisher
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The Journal of experimental biology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2016
2016-09
Subject
The topic of the resource
Male; Animals; Callithrix/*physiology; Gait/*physiology; *Balance; *Branch stiffness; *Fine branch niche; *Locomotion; *Stability; Biomechanical Phenomena; Compliance; Forelimb/physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Video Recording; Computer-Assisted; Image Processing
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Young Jesse W; Stricklen Bethany M; Chadwell Brad A
Description
An account of the resource
Locomotion is precarious in an arboreal habitat, where supports can vary in both diameter and level of compliance. Several previous studies have evaluated the influence of substrate diameter on the locomotor performance of arboreal quadrupeds. The influence of substrate compliance, however, has been mostly unexamined. Here, we used a multifactorial experimental design to investigate how perturbations in both diameter and compliance affect the gait kinematics of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus; N=2) moving over simulated arboreal substrates. We used 3D-calibrated video to quantify marmoset locomotion over a horizontal trackway consisting of variably sized poles (5, 2.5 and 1.25 cm in diameter), analyzing a total of 120 strides. The central portion of the trackway was either immobile or mounted on compliant foam blocks, depending on condition. We found that narrowing diameter and increasing compliance were both associated with relatively longer substrate contact durations, though adjustments to diameter were often inconsistent relative to compliance-related adjustments. Marmosets also responded to narrowing diameter by reducing speed, flattening center of mass (CoM) movements and dampening support displacement on the compliant substrate. For the subset of strides on the compliant support, we found that speed, contact duration and CoM amplitude explained \textgreater60% of the variation in substrate displacement over a stride, suggesting a direct performance advantage to these kinematic adjustments. Overall, our results show that compliant substrates can exert a significant influence on gait kinematics. Substrate compliance, and not just support diameter, should be considered a critical environmental variable when evaluating locomotor performance in arboreal quadrupeds.
Identifier
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.140939" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1242/jeb.140939</a>
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Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
*Balance
*Branch stiffness
*Fine branch niche
*locomotion
*Stability
2016
Animals
Biomechanical Phenomena
Callithrix/*physiology
Chadwell Brad A
Compliance
Computer-Assisted
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Forelimb/physiology
Gait/*physiology
Hindlimb/physiology
Image Processing
Male
NEOMED College of Medicine
Stricklen Bethany M
The Journal of experimental biology
Video Recording
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
n/a
Pages
251-251
Volume
171
ISSN
0002-9483
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n/a
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Update Year & Number
June 2020 Update I
NEOMED College
NEOMED College of Medicine; NEOMED College of Graduate Studies
NEOMED Department
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Effects of compliant substrates on gait kinematics in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis)
Publisher
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American Journal of Physical Anthropology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2020
2020-03
Creator
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Schapker Nicole M; Chadwell Brad A; Young Jesse W
Identifier
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n/a
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Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
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journalArticle
2020
American journal of physical anthropology
Chadwell Brad A
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Journal Article
journalArticle
June 2020 Update I
NEOMED College of Graduate Studies
NEOMED College of Medicine
Schapker Nicole M
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102767" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102767</a>
Pages
102767
Volume
142
ISSN
1095-8606 0047-2484
Search for Full-text
Locate full-text within NEOMED Library's e-journal collections
<a href="http://neomed.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102767" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NEOMED Full-text Holding (if available) - Proxy DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102767</a>
<p>Users with a NEOMED Library login can search for full-text journal articles at the following url: <a href="https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/home">https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/home</a></p>
Update Year & Number
June 2020 Update II
NEOMED College
NEOMED College of Medicine
NEOMED Department
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Not all fine-branch locomotion is equal: Grasping morphology determines locomotor performance on narrow supports.
Publisher
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Journal of human evolution
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2020
2020-05
Subject
The topic of the resource
angular-momentum; arboreal locomotion; body-size; Fine-branch niche; Marmosets; minutus rodentia muridae; positional behavior; Primate origins; Primate origins; quadrupedal locomotion; Squirrel monkeys; Squirrel monkeys; Squirrel monkeys; Squirrels; Stability; substrate use; trade-offs
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Young Jesse W; Chadwell Brad A
Description
An account of the resource
Fine-branch models have long played a central role in primate evolutionary research. Nevertheless, recent studies of positional behavior in nonprimate arboreal mammals have challenged the idea that synapomorphic primate features, such as grasping extremities, uniquely facilitated access to the fine-branch zone. We test the alternative hypothesis that grasping extremities specifically improve locomotor performance in a fine-branch environment by examining how support diameter influences locomotor mechanics in one sciurid rodent (Sciurus carolinensis) and two platyrrhine primates (Callithrix jacchus and Saimiri boliviensis). These species were chosen to broadly model different stages in the evolution of primate grasping morphology. The results showed that transitioning from broad to narrower supports required the greatest kinematic adjustment in squirrels and the least adjustment in squirrel monkeys, with marmosets displaying an intermediate level of adjustment. Moreover, on any given support, squirrels' locomotor mechanics differed from marmosets' in a manner consistent with a greater need for stability, despite superficial ecomorphological similarities between sciurid rodents and callitrichine primates. Morphological analyses of autopodial size and proportions suggest that variation in locomotor performance more closely tracked variation in overall hand and foot size rather than digit length per se. Indeed, a broad comparative analysis revealed that for their body mass, primates have longer hands than similarly sized arboreal rodents and marsupials (although only the primate-rodent comparison was significant after incorporating phylogenetic relatedness). Inclusion of fossil stem primates (plesiadapiforms) and euprimates (adapiforms) in these analyses suggests that this primate-wide grade shift in relative autopodial size must have occurred early in the evolutionary history of the group. Overall, our findings show that basal primate morphological adaptations may have specifically facilitated improved locomotor performance in a fine-branch niche, rather than merely permitting access to the environment. As such, future adaptive hypotheses of primate origins should incorporate the import of primate-like morphology on locomotor performance as well.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102767" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102767</a>
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Information about rights held in and over the resource
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Format
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journalArticle
2020
angular-momentum
arboreal locomotion
body-size
Chadwell Brad A
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Fine-branch niche
Journal of human evolution
journalArticle
June 2020 Update II
marmosets
minutus rodentia muridae
NEOMED College of Medicine
Positional behavior
Primate origins
quadrupedal locomotion
Squirrel monkeys
SQUIRRELS
Stability
substrate use
trade-offs
Young Jesse W