Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnostic Testing: 30 Years of Evolution.
Diagnostic Tests; HIV Infections/*diagnosis; HIV/immunology/isolation & purification; Humans; Immunoassay/*methods/trends; Routine/*methods/trends
A concern during the early AIDS epidemic was the lack of a test to identify individuals who carried the virus. The first HIV antibody test, developed in 1985, was designed to screen blood products, not to diagnose AIDS. The first-generation assays detected IgG antibody and became positive 6 to 12 weeks postinfection. False-positive results occurred; thus, a two-test algorithm was developed using a Western blot or immunofluorescence test as a confirmatory procedure. The second-generation HIV test added recombinant antigens, and the third-generation HIV tests included IgM detection, reducing the test-negative window to approximately 3 weeks postinfection. Fourth- and fifth-generation HIV assays added p24 antigen detection to the screening assay, reducing the test-negative window to 11 to 14 days. A new algorithm addressed the fourth-generation assay's ability to detect both antibody and antigen and yet not differentiate between them. The fifth-generation HIV assay provides separate antigen and antibody results and will require yet another algorithm. HIV infection may now be detected approximately 2 weeks postexposure, with a reduced number of false-positive results.
Alexander Thomas S
Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI
2016
2016-04
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00053-16" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1128/CVI.00053-16</a>
Vaccines: all things considered.
*Vaccines/biosynthesis/economics/immunology; Adjuvants; Antigen Presentation; Drug Industry/trends; Immunologic/pharmacology
Rosenthal Ken S; Zimmerman Daniel H
Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI
2006
2006-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00152-06" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1128/CVI.00152-06</a>