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40
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https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24832
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Title
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Ossification pattern of the unusual pisiform in two-toed (Choloepus) and three-toed sloths (Bradypus)
Creator
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Lia M Gavazzi
Kelsey M Kjosness
Philip L Reno
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2022
Description
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Two-toed (Choloepus sp.) and three-toed (Bradypus sp.) sloths possess short, rounded pisiforms that are rare among mammals and differ from other members of Xenarthra like the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) which retain elongated, rod-like pisiforms in common with most mammals. Using photographs, radiographs, and μCT, we assessed ossification patterns in the pisiform and the paralogous tarsal, the calcaneus, for two-toed sloths, three-toed sloths, and giant anteaters to determine the process by which pisiform reduction occurs in sloths and compare it to other previously studied examples of pisiform reduction in humans and orangutans. Both extant sloth genera achieve pisiform reduction through the loss of a secondary ossification center and the likely disruption of the associated growth plate based on an unusually porous subchondral surface. This represents a third unique mechanism of pisiform reduction among mammals, along with primary ossification center loss in humans and retention of two ossification centers with likely reduced growth periods in orangutans. Given the remarkable similarities between two-toed and three-toed sloth pisiform ossification patterns and the presence of pisiform reduction in fossil sloths, extant sloth pisiform morphology does not appear to represent a recent convergent adaptation to suspensory locomotion, but instead is likely to be an ancestral trait of Folivora that emerged early in the radiation of extant and fossil sloths.
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Anat Rec (Hoboken)
. 2022 Jul;305(7):1804-1819. doi: 10.1002/ar.24832. Epub 2021 Nov 25.
Language
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English
2022
Convergence
Ossification
pisiform
sloth
wrist
-
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URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000000441" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000000441</a>
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Pages
107-114
Issue
1
Volume
92
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The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Effect of Artificial Scotomas on Open-Loop Disparity Vergence Eye Movements
Publisher
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Optometry and Vision Science
Date
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2015
2015-01
Subject
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binocular disparity; convergence; depth-perception; disparity; dynamic asymmetries; eye movements; fusional; neurons; nystagmus; ocular motor control; Ophthalmology; responses; saccades; single-unit activity; V1; vergence; version
Creator
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Yang D S; Hertle R W; Zhu M X; Tai Z; Hald E; Kauffman M
Description
An account of the resource
Purpose. To investigate the effect of an artificial scotoma on open-loop disparity vergence responses (DVRs) and vergence control mechanisms, we examined open-loop DVRs to disparity stimuli using monocular artificial scotomas in normal subjects. Methods. Using a mirror haploscope with two computer monitors, we delivered disparity stimuli on a pair of random dot patterns subtending 40 by 30 degrees at 47 cm from each eye. The scotomas were black circles located in the center of a random dot pattern for the left eye. Eye movements of both eyes were recorded with a magnetic search coil system. Results. We first found that the amplitudes of DVRs were gradually decreased and the latency of DVRs was moderately increased as the size of the scotomas was increased. Second, monocular responses from each eye were symmetrical although the stimuli to each eye were asymmetrical. Conclusions. The results suggest that the monocular eye movements in disparity vergence are controlled by a binocular central mechanism, not driven separately by monocular inputs in the open-loop window.
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000000441" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/opx.0000000000000441</a>
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Journal Article
2015
binocular disparity
Convergence
depth-perception
Disparity
dynamic asymmetries
Eye Movements
fusional
Hald E
Hertle R W
Journal Article
Kauffman M
Neurons
Nystagmus
ocular motor control
Ophthalmology
Optometry and Vision Science
responses
saccades
single-unit activity
Tai Z
V1
vergence
version
Yang D S
Zhu M X