Cardiovascular complications of cocaine abuse.
*Cocaine/adverse effects/analogs & derivatives/metabolism; Adult; Cardiomyopathies/etiology; Coronary Disease/etiology; Ethanol/metabolism; Heart Diseases/*etiology; Humans; Myocardial Infarction/etiology; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors/adverse effects; Substance-Related Disorders/*complications
Cocaine abuse may lead to serious cardiac complications, including myocardial ischemia and infarction, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias. With concomitant use of alcohol and cocaine, cocaethylene is produced by hepatic transformation. Cocaethylene is now thought to be primarily responsible for the deaths that occur among cocaine abusers. Treatment of cardiovascular complications focuses on cocaine-induced ischemia, hypertension and arrhythmias. The use of thrombolytic agents in myocardial infarction remains controversial. Concurrent detoxification with bromocriptine and norepinephrine is recommended.
Bunn W H; Giannini A J
American Family Physician
1992
1992-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1648-8_17" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/978-1-4899-1648-8_17</a>
Resveratrol and liver disease: from bench to bedside and community.
Acetaminophen/metabolism; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants/therapeutic use; Carbon Tetrachloride/metabolism; Cytokines/metabolism; Ethanol/metabolism; Free Radicals/metabolism; Glutathione/metabolism; Hepatocytes/drug effects/pathology; Humans; Liver Diseases/*drug therapy/epidemiology; NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors; Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use; Resveratrol; Stilbenes/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology/therapeutic use/toxicity
Liver diseases incorporate several maladies, which can range from benign histological changes to serious life-threatening conditions. These may include inborn metabolic disease, primary and metastatic cancers, alcoholic cirrhosis, viral hepatitis and drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Liver disease remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality with significant economic and social costs. Several novel approaches are currently being studied which may provide a better therapeutic outcome. The use of naturally occurring phytochemicals, some of them obtained from dietary sources, in the amelioration of illness have recently gained considerable popularity. These agents, having anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, provide a safe and effective means of ameliorating chronic disease. Resveratrol, a grape polyphenol, has shown considerable promise as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of the aforementioned liver ailments. Several studies have highlighted the hepatoprotective properties of resveratrol. Resveratrol has been shown to prevent hepatic damage because of free radicals and inflammatory cytokines, induce anti-oxidant enzymes and elevate glutathione content. Resveratrol has also been shown to modulate varied signal transduction pathways implicated in liver diseases. This review critically examines the current preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies on the preventive and therapeutic effects of resveratrol in liver diseases. The review highlights the pharmacological mechanisms involved in mediating the aforementioned effects. Toxicity, pharmacokinetics and clinical bioavailability of resveratrol are also reviewed in this article. The challenges involved, future directions and novel approaches such as site-specific drug delivery in the use of resveratrol for the prevention and treatment of liver disease are also discussed.
Bishayee Anupam; Darvesh Altaf S; Politis Themos; McGory Robb
Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver
2010
2010-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-3231.2010.02295.x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1111/j.1478-3231.2010.02295.x</a>