Getting accepted - successful writing for scientific publication: A research primer for low- and middle-income countries
Publishing; Evidence-based medicine; Scientific writing
Clear and precise writing is a vital skill for healthcare providers and those involved in global emergency care research. It allows one to publish in scientific literature and present oral and written summaries of their work. However, writing skills for publishing are rarely part of the curriculum in the healthcare education system. This review gives you a step-by-step guide on how to successfully write for scientific publication following the IMRaD principle (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) with every part supporting the key message. There are specific benefits of writing for publication that justify the extra work involved. Any lessons learned about improving global emergency care delivery can be useful to emergency clinicians. The end result can lead to changing others' practice and pave the way for further research.
Simon EL; Osei-Ampofo M; Wachira BW; Kwan J
African Journal Of Emergency Medicine
2020
1905-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
journalArticle
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2020.06.006" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.afjem.2020.06.006</a>
Analysing the literature: A research primer for low- and middle-income countries
Social media; Evidence-based medicine; Librarian search strategies; Patient safety/QI
Effective critical appraisal of medical research requires training and practice. Evidence-based medicine provides a framework for standardised review of manuscripts of nearly any research design. Online resources and communities exist to provide free access to electronic search engines and critical appraisal of emergency medicine and non-emergency medicine research. An emerging array of Free Online Open Access medical education (FOAMed) resources also provide opportunities to observe Evidence-based medicine critical appraisal in written or audio format and to actively participate as a learner. This chapter will highlight accessible resources that provide both methodological background and virtual mentoring for readers to develop EBM skills.
Carpenter CR; Hollong B; Simon EL; Graham CA
African Journal Of Emergency Medicine
2020
1905-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
journalArticle
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2020.04.003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.afjem.2020.04.003</a>
ACR Appropriateness Criteria(®) Neuroendocrine Imaging.
Diagnosis Differential; Humans; United States; Evidence-Based Medicine; Contrast Media; Societies Medical; Apoplexy; Appropriate Use Criteria; Appropriateness Criteria; AUC; Diabetes insipidus; Pituitary; Pituitary adenoma; Pituitary Diseases/diagnostic imaging; Precocious puberty; Sella turcica
Neuroendocrine dysfunction includes suspected hyper- and hypofunction of the pituitary gland. Causative lesions may include primary masses of the pituitary such as pituitary microadenomas and macroadenomas, as well as extrinsic masses, typically centered in the suprasellar cistern. Clinical syndromes related to hormonal dysfunction can be caused by excessive hormonal secretion or by inhibited secretion due to mass effect upon elements of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Additionally, complications such as hemorrhage may be seen in the setting of an underlying mass and can result in hormonal dysfunction. MRI with high-resolution protocols is the best first-line test to evaluate the sella turcica and parasellar region. CT provides complementary information regarding bony anatomy, and may be appropriate as a first-line test in certain instances, but it provides less detail and lesion characterization when compared to MRI. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.
Burns J; Policeni B; Bykowski J; Dubey P; Germano IM; Jain V; Juliano AF; Moonis G; Parsons MS; Powers WJ; Rath TJ; Schroeder JW; Subramaniam RM; Taheri MR; Whitehead MT; Zander D; Corey A
Journal of the American College of Radiology
2019
2019-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
journalArticle
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2019.02.017" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.jacr.2019.02.017</a>
Approach To And Management Of The Acute Stroke Patient With Atrial Fibrillation: A Literature Review
acute ischemic-stroke; anticoagulant-therapy; arrhythmias and pacemakers; evidence-based medicine; factor-vii; fresh-frozen plasma; General & Internal Medicine; hemorrhage; intraarterial thrombolysis; intracranial; ischemic stroke; oral; quality-of-care; rt-pa; spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage; tissue-plasminogen activator; valvular heart disease; warfarin
Marmagkiolis K; Nikolaidis I G; Politis T; Goldstein L
Journal of Hospital Medicine
2008
2008-07
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/jhm.343" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/jhm.343</a>
Dermatoepidemiology
evidence-based medicine; Dermatology; Dermatology; health-care; clinical-trials; malignancy; malignant-melanoma; randomized controlled-trials; internal; skin-cancer; consort statement; cutaneous; disseminating systematic reviews; evidence-based
Barzilai D A; Freiman A; Dellavalle R P; Weinstock M A; Mostow E N
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2005
2005-04
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.09.019" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.jaad.2004.09.019</a>
[Clinical impact of appropriate use of antibiotic in hospital according to CARAT criteria].
Humans; *Practice Guidelines as Topic; Intensive Care Units; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use; Evidence-Based Medicine; Organizational Policy; Europe/epidemiology; Clinical Trials as Topic; *Guideline Adherence; Bacterial Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology; Drug Utilization; Hospitals/*standards; Patients' Rooms; *Drug Resistance; Multiple; Bacterial
In response to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, leading to increasing bacterial resistance and the decreasing development of new antibiotics, the Council for Appropriate and Rational Antibiotic Therapy (an independent, interdisciplinary panel of healthcare professionals established to advocate the appropriate use of antibiotics) has developed criteria to guide proper antibiotic selection. These criteria include: establishment of a need to justify use of antibiotics (e.g., colonization versus disease); evidence-based results; therapeutic benefits; safety; use of pharmacodynamic indices for optimal drug and optimal duration; cost-effectiveness. Promoting the appropriate use of antibiotics should provide for optimal outcomes for our patients.
File Thomas M Jr
Le infezioni in medicina : rivista periodica di eziologia, epidemiologia, diagnostica, clinica e terapia delle patologie infettive
2008
2008-04
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
From mechanisms to management: translating the neuropathic pain consensus recommendations into clinical practice.
Adult; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Aged; Chronic Disease; Inflammation; Risk Factors; Evidence-Based Medicine; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Patient Selection; Acute Disease; Analgesics/therapeutic use; Patient Education as Topic; *Pain/diagnosis/etiology/physiopathology; Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use; Nervous System Diseases/*complications; Nurse Practitioners; Pain Management; Anesthetics; Drug Therapy; Combination; Antidepressive Agents; Local/therapeutic use; Tricyclic/therapeutic use
Chronic neuropathic pain poses a treatment challenge, and is associated with significant psychologic distress, physical disability, and impaired functioning, which impact the activities of daily living. Efforts to provide relief are often inadequate and/or require polypharmacy. This has spurred interest among researchers and clinicians alike to develop early, intensive treatments that target the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in pain transduction, transmission, and modulation, or ideally, that prevent neuropathic pain from occurring in the first place. Currently, researchers are attempting to capitalize on our understanding of neuropathic pain pathophysiology to develop drugs that interrupt distinct activities involved in its perpetuation. In this regard, several potential agents (eg, NMDA and AMPA/kainate antagonists) are in phase 2 and 3 clinical trials. In the interim, evolving data and evidence-based neuropathic treatment recommendations provide guidance for selecting first- and second-line medications that alone or in combination offer acceptable neuropathic pain control and allow clinicians to bridge the gap between current knowledge and its application in the clinical setting. Hopefully, as basic and clinical science progresses, further treatment advances and management tools will be found to improve the care of patients who live with neuropathic pain.
Chevlen Eric; Davis Pamela Stitzlein; Rhiner Michelle
Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners
2005
2005-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Evolution of a Natural Products and Nutraceuticals Course in the Pharmacy Curriculum.
Humans; *Biological Products/therapeutic use; *Clinical Competence; *Dietary Supplements; course curriculum; Curriculum/*trends; dietary supplements; Educational Measurement/methods; evidence-based medicine; herbal products; nutraceuticals; Education; *Students; Pharmacy; Pharmacy/methods/*trends
Objective. To develop, implement, and modify a required, second-year pharmacy course that provides an understanding of the scientific, therapeutic, and clinical principles, as well as the evidence-based medicine underlying the use of natural products. Design. A 28-hour, multi-faculty course was developed and offered in 2008. The course was modified over the years to enhance students' practice skills in the use of natural products. A course evaluation and survey were administered to assess the students' opinions. Assessment. Students performed well in the course and provided favorable evaluations, especially for the latest offering. Students reported significantly improved skills in providing advice to patients regarding the use of natural products. Conclusion. The course increased the students' knowledge and application of information and counseling skills regarding natural products.
Geldenhuys Werner J; Cudnik Michelle L; Krinsky Daniel L; Darvesh Altaf S
American journal of pharmaceutical education
2015
2015-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe79682" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.5688/ajpe79682</a>
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast cancer: is this the future?
Female; Humans; Time Factors; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Biopsy; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Evidence-Based Medicine; Europe; Breast Neoplasms/*drug therapy/*surgery; *Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Neoadjuvant Therapy/*methods/*standards; Neoplasm Staging/methods; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy/methods; Clinical Trials; Chemotherapy; Biological Markers; Breast Neoplasms – Drug Therapy; Breast Neoplasms – Surgery; Adjuvant – Methods; Breast Neoplasms – Radiotherapy
The idea of using preoperative or neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with operable breast cancer originated from experimental and clinical observations as well as theoretical hypotheses on tumor cell growth and dissemination. Initially, nonrandomized studies demonstrated considerable rates of clinical tumor response, low rates of pathologic complete response (pCR), and increased rates of breast-conserving procedures. However, nonrandomized studies could not address the relative efficacy of neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy on disease-free and overall survival. Similarly, earlier randomized trials were not designed as straightforward comparisons of neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy and therefore could not adequately address the relative efficacy of neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy on outcome. These answers were eventually provided by larger randomized trials that directly compared neoadjuvant with adjuvant chemotherapy, which are reviewed in more detail in this article. Potential advantages and disadvantages of the neoadjuvant approach and surgical considerations in the breast and axilla after neoadjuvant chemotherapy are also discussed. Finally, several recently reported trials of neoadjuvant therapy incorporating newer agents such as taxanes in sequence with anthracycline-containing regimens have shown further increases in pCR rates. Although outcome data are not available yet from these studies, it is hoped that the observed increase in pCR rates will be associated with improved outcome. If the previously observed significant correlation between the achievement of pCR and improved outcome continues to be demonstrated with these newer regimens, it will substantially strengthen the rationale for using neoadjuvant rather that adjuvant chemotherapy in the clinical setting as well as in future research studies.
Mamounas Eleftherios P
Clinical breast cancer
2003
2003-04
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.3816/cbc.2003.s.010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.3816/cbc.2003.s.010</a>
Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab and etanercept for the treatment of psoriasis.
Humans; Treatment Outcome; Severity of Illness Index; Risk Assessment; Evidence-Based Medicine; Patient Selection; Ustekinumab; Antibodies; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use; Etanercept; Immunoglobulin G/adverse effects/*therapeutic use; Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use; Psoriasis/*drug therapy/immunology; Receptors; Humanized; Monoclonal; Monoclonal/adverse effects/*therapeutic use; Tumor Necrosis Factor/*therapeutic use
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD: TNF-alpha inhibitors such as etanercept have been used for psoriasis for years. A fairly well defined efficacy and safety profile has developed. A new biologic agent, ustekinumab, an IL-12 and IL-23 inhibitor, has recently been released in the US for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. The purpose of this article is to compare the efficacy and safety profiles of ustekinumab and etanercept. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW: We examined safety and efficacy data regarding ustekinumab and etanercept from clinical reports, a head-to-head trial, review articles, and databases and registries from the last 20 years. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN: Evidence is reviewed about the efficacy for the treatment of psoriasis as well as the safety profiles for both agents, ustekinumab and etanercept. TAKE HOME MESSAGE: Both drugs have data to confirm efficacy and safety in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis in the short-term. The limited long-term data on the safety profile of ustekinumab requires careful judgment on the clinician's part, weighing well-defined benefits and potential unknown risks.
Uhlenhake Elizabeth E; Feldman Steven R
Expert opinion on biological therapy
2010
2010-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2010.487061" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1517/14712598.2010.487061</a>
Review: evidence for the effectiveness of surgery for low back pain, radiculopathy, and spinal stenosis is limited.
Rothschild Bruce
Evidence-based medicine
2009
2009-12
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1136/ebm.14.6.181" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1136/ebm.14.6.181</a>
Review: evidence for the effectiveness of non-surgical interventions for low back pain and radiculopathy is limited.
Low Back Pain – Therapy; Operative; Radiculopathy – Therapy; Surgery; Treatment Outcomes
Rothschild Bruce
Evidence-based medicine
2009
2009-12
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1136/ebm.14.6.180" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1136/ebm.14.6.180</a>
Thyroid Ultrasound: State of the Art. Part 2 - Focal Thyroid Lesions.
*Practice Guidelines as Topic; Computer Assisted – Methods; Computer-Assisted/*methods; Diagnosis; Differential; Evidence-Based; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Image Enhancement – Methods; Image Enhancement/methods; Image Interpretation; Medical Practice; Practice Guidelines; Reproducibility of Results; Scales; Sensitivity and Specificity; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Gland – Pathology; Thyroid Gland/*diagnostic imaging/pathology; Thyroid Nodule; Thyroid Nodule – Pathology; Thyroid Nodule/*diagnostic imaging/pathology; Ultrasonography – Methods; Ultrasonography – Standards; Ultrasonography/*methods/*standards
Accurate differentiation of focal thyroid nodules (FTL) and thyroid abnormalities is pivotal for proper diagnostic and therapeutic work-up. In these two part articles, the role of ultrasound techniques in the characterization of FTL and evaluation of diffuse thyroid diseases is described to expand on the recently published World Federation in Ultrasound and Medicine (WFUMB) thyroid elastography guidelines and review how this guideline fits into a complete thyroid ultrasound exam.
Dighe Manjiri; Barr Richard; Bojunga Jorg; Cantisani Vito; Chammas Maria Cristina; Cosgrove David; Cui Xin-Wu; Dong Yi; Fenner Franziska; Radzina Maija; Vinayak Sudhir; Xu Jun-Mei; Dietrich Christoph F
Medical ultrasonography
2017
2017-04
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.11152/mu-999" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.11152/mu-999</a>
Approaches to Modifying the Behavior of Clinicians Who Are Noncompliant With Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Guidelines.
*antibiotic stewardship; *Antimicrobial Stewardship; *ASP; *outlier physicians; *peer review; *Practice Patterns; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use; Communication; Evidence-Based Medicine; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Physicians; Physicians'; Practice Guidelines as Topic
Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are a key national initiative to promote appropriate use of antibiotics and to reduce the burden of resistance. The dilemma of managing the outlier physician is especially complex. We outline strategies to establish a successful ASP that reviews appropriate efforts to achieve the goal of modifying outlier physicians' behavior. One must try to differentiate deviation from ASP norms from all other issues of outliers. Essential elements include identifying and understanding the local problems, planning, and achieving hospital administration and medical staff support. A successful ASP includes effective communication and acceptance of evidence-based recommendations, so that patient clinical outcomes will be optimized.
Goldstein Ellie J C; Goff Debra A; Reeve William; Naumovski Snezana; Epson Erin; Zenilman Jonathan; Kaye Keith S; File Thomas M Jr
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
2016
2016-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw247" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1093/cid/ciw247</a>
An evidence-based checklist for melanoma patient triage.
*Checklist; Checklists; Evidence-Based; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Medical Practice; Melanoma – Diagnosis; Melanoma/*diagnosis; Practice Guidelines; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Skin Neoplasms – Diagnosis; Skin Neoplasms/*diagnosis; Triage – Standards; Triage/*standards
Koogler Andrew T; Mostow Eliot N
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2013
2013-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2013.04.022" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.jaad.2013.04.022</a>
Effect of a standardized pharyngitis treatment protocol on use of antibiotics in a pediatric emergency department.
*Emergency Service; *Practice Guidelines as Topic; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use; Child; Cohort Studies; Dose-Response Relationship; Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hospital; Hospitals; Humans; Male; Pediatric; Pharyngitis/*drug therapy/*microbiology; Preschool; Streptococcal Infections/*drug therapy/microbiology; Treatment Outcome
BACKGROUND: Pharyngitis is a common complaint in pediatric patients. If clinical parameters are used alone, bacterial pathogens will be wrongly implicated in many cases. A nonstandardized approach to the treatment of children with pharyngitis in an emergency department setting may lead to inappropriate empirical therapy, contribute to increased bacterial resistance, and result in adverse events related to the treatment provided. OBJECTIVE: To implement evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of children with pharyngitis in an emergency department setting and thereby influence practices of prescribing antibiotics. DESIGN AND METHODS: An evidence-based guideline for the evaluation and treatment of patients with pharyngitis was developed and implemented in our emergency department. Preintervention and postintervention patient cohorts were identified by a search of the emergency department's clinical repository. A medical record review was performed using a standardized data abstraction form (history and examination data, diagnostic testing, and therapy provided). Treatment decisions were judged as appropriate if the diagnosis of pharyngitis caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci was based on confirmatory microbiological testing rather than on the history and physical examination findings alone. RESULTS: We included 443 patients for study (219 preintervention and 224 postintervention). In the preintervention group, 97 (44%) of 214 received appropriate treatment. In the postintervention group, 204 (91%) of 224 received appropriate treatment. CONCLUSION: An evidence-based clinical guideline can influence and improve practices of prescribing antibiotics by pediatric emergency physicians in a teaching hospital setting.
Diaz Maria Carmen G; Symons Nadine; Ramundo Maria L; Christopher Norman C
Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
2004
2004-10
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.10.977" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1001/archpedi.158.10.977</a>
The treatment of herpes simplex infections: an evidence-based review.
2-Aminopurine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use; Acyclovir/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use; Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use; Drug Resistance; Evidence-Based Medicine; Famciclovir; Herpes Genitalis/*drug therapy; Herpes Labialis/*drug therapy; Humans; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Valacyclovir; Valine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use; Viral
Genital and labial herpes simplex virus infections are frequently encountered by primary care physicians in the United States. Whereas the diagnosis of this condition is often straightforward, choosing an appropriate drug (eg, acyclovir, valacyclovir hydrochloride, or famciclovir) and dosing regimen can be confusing in view of (1) competing clinical approaches to therapy; (2) evolving dosing schedules based on new research; (3) approved regimens of the Food and Drug Administration that may not match recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or of other experts; and (4) dissimilar regimens for oral and genital infections. The physician must first choose an approach to treatment (ie, intermittent episodic therapy, intermittent suppressive therapy, or chronic suppressive therapy) based on defined clinical characteristics and patient preference. Then, an evidence-based dosing regimen must be selected. In this review, data from all sources are tabulated to provide a handy clinical reference.
Cernik Christina; Gallina Kelly; Brodell Robert T
Archives of Internal Medicine
2008
2008-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.11.1137" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1001/archinte.168.11.1137</a>
Discontinuing dapsone treatment and reintroducing dietary gluten in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis in remission: comment on "remission in dermatitis herpetiformis".
Dapsone/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use; Dermatitis Herpetiformis/diet therapy/drug therapy/*physiopathology; Dermatology/methods; Diet; Evidence-Based Medicine; Gluten-Free/*methods; Glutens/administration & dosage; Humans; Patient Education as Topic; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Remission Induction/methods
Mostow Eliot N
Archives of dermatology
2011
2011-03
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2011.33" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1001/archdermatol.2011.33</a>