The Masticatory Apparatus of Humans (Homo sapiens): Evolution and Comparative Functional Morphology
Evolutionary Biology; Behavioral Sciences; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Life Sciences; Animal Anatomy / Morphology / Histology; Animal Ecology; Animal Physiology; Human Physiology
Feeding and diet played key roles in human evolution. It is well known that modern humans have a small masticatory apparatus for their body size among primates. However, identifying gracility does not necessarily tell us about the relative functional capacities of the human masticatory system beyond the obvious size-related consequences. We consider the functional consequences of gracilization and functional relationships within the human masticatory apparatus using nonhuman primates for comparison. Human jaws are short for their size, particularly the anterior portion, among primates. When considered relative to masticatory apparatus size, the shortened jaw compares more similarly to other apes. Because jaw length acts as a load arm, humans have improved leverage for biting, but smaller relative gapes. Human biting ability is not particularly improved by their favorable leverage because humans have relatively small muscles and because of a size-related decrease in bite force across primates. Humans have relatively reduced load resistance abilities in the jaw compared to other apes, but abilities that are still intermediate among primates. Human postcanine teeth are small for their size, but average-sized for their masticatory apparatus. Finally, an initial look at jaw-muscle activation patterns during chewing suggests that humans recruit their jaw muscles like similar-sized anthropoids. We conclude that any performance deficits in the human masticatory apparatus are primarily related to gracilization. Humans possess a relative masticatory apparatus configuration that compares similarly to many other primates suggesting the evolution of humans has not unraveled the basic functional relationships within the masticatory apparatus that characterize most primates.
Vinyard Christopher J; Mark F Teaford; Christine E Wall; Andrea B Taylor
Feeding In Vertebrates : Evolution, Morphology, Behavior, Biomechanics
2019
1905-07
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_21" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_21</a>
Pattern Of Ossification In Tarsals Reflects Locomotor Specialization In Primates
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Llera C; Smith T; Young J; Deleon V
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2016
2016-03
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Hominid Tarsal, Metatarsal, And Phalangeal Bones Recovered From The Hadar Formation - 1974-1977 Collections
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Latimer B M; Lovejoy C O; Johanson D C; Coppens Y
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1982
1982
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330570412" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.1330570412</a>
Talocrural Joint In African Hominoids - Implications For Australopithecus-afarensis
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Latimer B; Ohman J C; Lovejoy C O
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1987
1987-10
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330740204" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.1330740204</a>
Metatarsophalangeal Joints Of Australopithecus-afarensis
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Latimer B; Lovejoy C O
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1990
1990-09
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330830103" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.1330830103</a>
Hallucal Tarsometatarsal Joint In Australopithecus-afarensis
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Latimer B; Lovejoy C O
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1990
1990-06
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330820202" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.1330820202</a>
The Calcaneus Of Australopithecus-afarensis And Its Implications For The Evolution Of Bipedality
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Latimer B; Lovejoy C O
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1989
1989-03
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330780306" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.1330780306</a>
Dental Remains Of Equatorius Africanus From Kipsaramon, Tugen Hills, Baringo District, Kenya
Anthropology; baringo; dentition; Equatorius; evolution; Evolutionary Biology; hominoid genus; hominoids; kenyapithecus; Kipsaramon; middle miocene; Miocene; Muruyur; pasalar; sexual dimorphism; western kenya
Forty-one isolated large hominoid teeth, as well as most of the mandibular and three maxillary teeth associated with a partial skeleton, were recovered from middle Miocene Muruyur sediments near Kipsaramon in the Tugen Hills, Baringo District, Kenya. The isolated teeth were collected as surface finds and the skeleton was excavated in situ at locality BPRP#122 dated between 15(.)58 Ma and 15(.)36 Ma. The majority of the teeth recovered at BPRP#122 are referable to a minimum of five individuals of the hominoid Equatorius africanus. Three of the teeth, however, are provisionally assigned to Nyanzapithecus sp. The new hominoids from Kipsaramon add to an increasing inventory of specimens that suggest greater large hominoid taxonomic diversity from the middle Miocene of Kenya than was previously recognized. It is suggested that there are two large-bodied hominoid species present at Mabako, only one of which is assignable to Equatorius. (C) 2002 Academic Press.
Kelley J; Ward S; Brown B; Hill A; Duren D L
Journal of Human Evolution
2002
2002-01
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2001.0504" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1006/jhev.2001.0504</a>
The Anterior Dentition Of Sivapithecus-parvada, With Comments On The Phylogenetic Significance Of Incisor Heteromorphy In Hominoidea
Anthropology; clade; dentition; east-africa; evolution; Evolutionary Biology; hominids; hominoid phylogenetics; incisors; kenya; middle miocene; miocene hominoid; orangutan; origin; pakistan; pongo; sivapithecus; specimens
A premaxillary fragment of Sivapithecus parvada preserving the germs of the right central and lateral incisors is described. The specimen was recovered in situ during excavation at locality Y311 in the upper Nagri Formation (ca. 9.2 m.y.a.) of the Siwalik Sequence, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. The central incisor is approximately 35% larger than the next largest Sivapithecus incisor, in keeping with the very large size of S. parvada compared to other Sivapithecus species, and is exceptionally long mesiodistally in relation to its breadth. It is also morphologically distinct, having a sharply angled distal margin and a distinct lingual tubercle. However, previous descriptions of Sivapithecus upper central incisors as having a continuous lingual shelf are in some cases erroneous and ignore the morphological variation present in the sample. In several features of anterior tooth size, morphology and proportionality, S. parvada resembles Pongo more than do other species of Sivapithecus. The I1/I2 length ratio of the new specimen is 2.12, the largest size disparity reported for any fossil catarrhine, and greater than any single value in a large sample of Pongo pygmaeus. Very great size disparity between upper central and lateral incisors is widely considered to be a synapomorphy of the orang-utan lineage. We conclude, however, that descriptions of upper incisor size heteromorphy in Pongo have in general been exaggerated and have failed to recognize substantial differences in this character between Bornean and Sumatran orang-utans. We further conclude, based on examination of a variety of Miocene hominoids and other Miocene catarrhine primates, that the character of I1/I2 proportionality has little if any phylogenetic utility within Hominoidea.
Kelley J; Anwar M; McCollum M A; Ward S C
Journal of Human Evolution
1995
1995-06
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1995.1039" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1006/jhev.1995.1039</a>
Morphology Of The Pliocene Partial Hominid Skeleton (al 288-1) From The Hadar Formation, Ethiopia
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Johanson D C; Lovejoy C O; Kimbel W H; White T D; Ward S C; Bush M E; Latimer B M; Coppens Y
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1982
1982
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330570403" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.1330570403</a>
Hind Limb And Dental Ontogeny In Propithecus Coquereli And Lemur Catta
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Jankord K D; Deleon V B; Russo G A; Young J W; Vinyard C J; Smith T D
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2014
2014-03
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Ternporalis Function In Anthropoids And Strepsirrhines: An Emg Study
adductor muscle force; Anthropology; biomechanics; electromyography; Evolutionary Biology; fusion; galago crassicaudatus; invivo bone strain; jaw-adductor muscle force; macaca-fascicularis; mandibular symphysis; masseter force; mastication; patterns; postorbital septum; primates; temporalis
The major purpose of this study is to analyze anterior and posterior temporalis muscle force recruitment and firing patterns in various anthropoid and strepsirrhine primates. There are two specific goals for this project. First, we test the hypothesis that in addition to transversely directed muscle force, the evolution of symphyseal fusion in primates may also be linked to vertically directed balancing-side muscle force during chewing (Hylander et al. [2000] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 112:469-492). Second, we test the hypothesis of whether strepsirrhines retain the hypothesized primitive mammalian condition for the firing of the anterior temporalis, whereas anthropoids have the derived condition (Weijs [1994] Biomechanics of Feeding in Vertebrates; Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. 282-320). Electromyographic (EMG) activities of the left and right anterior and posterior temporalis muscles were recorded and analyzed in baboons, macaques, owl monkeys, thick-tailed galagos, and ring-tailed lemurs. In addition, as we used the working-side superficial masseter as a reference muscle, we also recorded and analyzed EMG activity of the left and right superficial masseter in these primates. The data for the anterior temporalis provided no support for the hypothesis that symphyseal fusion in primates is linked to vertically directed jaw muscle forces during mastication. Thus, symphyseal fusion in primates is most likely mainly linked to the timing and recruitment of transversely directed forces from the balancing-side deep masseter (Hylander et al. [2000] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 112:469-492). In addition, our data demonstrate that the firing patterns for the working- and balancing-side anterior temporalis muscles are near identical in both strepsirrhines and anthropoids. Their working- and balancing-side anterior temporalis muscles fire asynchronously and reach peak activity during the power stroke. Similarly, their working- and balancing-side posterior temporalis muscles also fire asynchronously and reach peak activity during the power stroke. Compared to these strepsirrhines, however, the balancing-side posterior temporalis of anthropoids appears to have a relatively delayed firing pattern. Moreover, based on their smaller W/B ratios, anthropoids demonstrate a relative increase in muscle-force recruitment of the balancing-side posterior temporalis. This in turn suggests that anthropoids may emphasize the duration and magnitude of the power stroke during mastication. This hypothesis, however, requires additional testing. Furthermore, during the latter portion of the power stroke, the late activity of the balancing-side posterior temporalis of anthropoids apparently assists the balancing-side deep masseter in driving the working-side molars through the terminal portion of occlusion.
Hylander W L; Wall C E; Vinyard C J; Ross C; Ravosa M R; Williams S H; Johnson K R
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2005
2005-09
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20058" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.20058</a>
Functional And Evolutionary Significance Of The Recruitment And Firing Patterns Of The Jaw Adductors During Chewing In Verreaux's Sifaka (propithecus Verreauxi)
Anthropology; biomechanics; bone-strain; electromyography; Evolutionary Biology; Force; fusion; lemurs lemur-catta; macaca-fascicularis; mandibular symphysis; masseter force; mastication; muscle; primates; strepsirrhines; wishboning
Jaw-muscle electromyographic (EMG) patterns indicate that compared with thick-tailed galagos and ring-tailed lemurs, anthropoids recruit more relative EMG from their balancing-side deep masseter, and that this muscle peaks late in the power stroke. These recruitment and firing patterns in anthropoids are thought to cause the mandibular symphysis to wishbone (lateral transverse bending), resulting in relatively high symphyseal stresses. We test the hypothesis that living strepsirrhines with robust, partially fused symphyses have muscle recruitment and firing patterns more similar to anthropoids, unlike those strepsirrhines with highly mobile unfused symphyses. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the superficial and deep masseter, anterior and posterior temporalis, and medial pterygoid muscles were recorded in four dentally adult Verreaux's sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi). As predicted, we find that sifaka motor patterns are more similar to anthropoids. For example, among sifakas, recruitment levels of the balancing-side (b-s) deep masseter are high, and the b-s deep masseter fires late during the power stroke. As adult sifakas often exhibit nearly complete symphyseal fusion, these data support the hypothesis that the evolution of symphyseal fusion in primates is functionally linked to wishboning. Furthermore, these data provide compelling evidence for the convergent evolution of the wishboning motor patterns in anthropoids and sifakas. Am J Phys Anthropol 145:531-547, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hylander W L; Vinyard C J; Wall C E; Williams S H; Johnsonl K R
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2011
2011-08
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21529" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.21529</a>
The Evolutionary Significance Of Canine Reduction In Hominins: Functional Links Between Jaw Mechanics And Canine Size
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Hylander W L; Vinyard C J
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2006
2006
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Ontogeny Of Intrinsic Digit Proportions In Non-grasping Mammals: A Test Of The Grasping Theory Of Primate Hand And Foot Growth
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Hyde A; German R Z; Young J W
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2019
2019-03
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Anatomy And Age Of The Lothagam Mandible
Anthropology; baringo; dating; east-africa; Evolutionary Biology; faunal change; fossil hominids; hominidae; kenya; late miocene; lothagam; mandible; pliocene; tanzania
Hill A; Ward S; Brown B
Journal of Human Evolution
1992
1992-06
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(92)90079-o" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0047-2484(92)90079-o</a>
Origin Of The Hominidae - The Record Of African Large Hominoid Evolution Between 14-my And 4-my
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Hill A; Ward S
Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
1988
1988
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330310505" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.1330310505</a>
New Cercopithecoids And A Hominoid From 12 Center Dot 5 Ma In The Tugen Hills Succession, Kenya
Anthropology; calibration; Cercopithecoidea; Evolutionary Biology; forest; fort-ternan; Hominoidea; kenya; maboko island; middle miocene; Miocene; Ngorora; ngorora formation; old-world monkey; origins; site; Tugen Hills; victoriapithecus
Hill A; Leakey M; Kingston J D; Ward S
Journal of Human Evolution
2002
2002-01
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2001.0518" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1006/jhev.2001.0518</a>
Kipsaramon - A Lower Miocene Hominoid Site In The Tugen Hills, Baringo District, Kenya
Anthropology; ape; buluk; Evolutionary Biology; morphology; northern kenya
Hill A; Behrensmeyer K; Brown B; Deino A; Rose M; Saunders J; Ward S; Winkler A
Journal of Human Evolution
1991
1991-01
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(91)90046-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0047-2484(91)90046-x</a>
Assessing The Determinants Of Primate Gait Kinematics In An Ecological And Phylogenetic Framework, Part I: Phylogenetic Methods For Biomechanics
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Hieronymus T L; Shapiro L J; Dunham N T; McNamara A; Young J W
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2019
2019-03
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Recognition Of Sickle Cell Anemia In Skeletal Remains Of Children
anemia; Anthropology; arthritis; beta-thalassemia; bone pathology; bone-disease; children; Evolutionary Biology; features; iron deficiency; pathogenesis; porotic hyperostosis
The present study discusses in detail the osteological changes associated with sickle cell anemia in children and their importance in differential diagnosis. Posterior calcaneal and specific articular surface disruptive metacarpal lesions are diagnostic for sickle cell anemia. Calvarial thickening, tibial and femoral cortical bone thickening, and bowing are of more limited utility in differential diagnosis. Granular osteoporosis, pelvic demineralization and rib broadening are nonspecific. Localized calvarial ''ballooning,'' previously not described, may have diagnostic significance. Bone marrow hyperplastic response (porotic hyperostosis) in sickle cell anemia produces minimal radiologic changes contrasted with that observed in thalassemia and blood loss/hemolytic phenomenon. Two other issues, the osteological criteria for discriminating among the anemias and the purported relationship between porotic hyperostosis and iron deficiency anemia, are also discussed. There is sufficient information to properly diagnose the four major groups of anemias, and further, to establish that iron deficiency is only indirectly associated with porotic hyperostosis. The hyperproliferative bone marrow response (manifest as porotic hyperostosis) to blood loss or hemolysis exhausts iron stores, resulting in secondary iron deficiency. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hershkovitz I; Rothschild B M; Latimer B; DuTour O; Leonetti G; Greenwald C M; Rothschild C; Jellema L M
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1997
1997-10
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199710)104:2%3C213::aid-ajpa8%3E3.0.co;2-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199710)104:2%3C213::aid-ajpa8%3E3.0.co;2-z</a>
Clues To Recognition Of Fungal Origin Of Lytic Skeletal Lesions
Anthropology; blastomycosis; bones; clinical-features; defleshed bones; disease; erosive arthritis; Evolutionary Biology; histoplasmosis; lytic lesion; osteomyelitis; pathology; therapeutic considerations; yaws
The present study addresses the specificity of lyric osseous impact for distinguishing among metastatic cancer, tuberculosis, and fungal disease. Osseous impact is used in this manuscript as a convention to describe the macroscopic appearance of defleshed bones affected by the disease. Osseous changes in the skeleton of a 47-year-old black male, diagnosed in life as having blastomycosis, were characterized and compared to lyric lesions observed in ten individuals with tuberculosis and six with metastatic cancer in the Terry and Hamman-Todd Collections. Apparent distinguishing characteristics are identified. Eroded areas, present as fronts of resorption or the result of space-occupying masses in blastomycosis, with protruding, short, blunt, 1 x 2 mm spicules of new bone, are surrounded by periosteal reaction. These differed from smooth zones of resorption and coalesced lesions, with a smoothed marginal zone and space-occupied appearance-bone-displacing mass-in tuberculosis and lytic (non-permeative) lesions of metastatic cancer. Displacing is a convention (an artificial term) denoting bone resorption and reformation at the outer edge of the tumor mass, giving the impression that the surrounding bone had expanded beyond its original margins. Irregular trabeculae are occasionally preserved in the margins, but remodeling in the form of blunting of those trabeculae is not observed macroscopically in either tuberculosis or metastatic cancer. Two apparently specific lesion types are noted in blastomycosis. Periosteal reaction surrounding fronts of resorption appears specific, at least for nonarticular osseous lyric lesions, among the three entities studied. Remodeling of isolated internal trabeculae in the space-occupying mass lesions of blastomycosis also appears unique among the three disorders studied, Comparison with coccidioidomycosis suggests that extrapolation of blastomycosis findings to other fungal diseases is feasible; description of additional clinically diagnosed cases is awaited. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hershkovitz I; Rothschild B M; DuTour O; Greenwald C
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1998
1998-05
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199805)106:1%3C47::aid-ajpa4%3E3.3.co;2-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199805)106:1%3C47::aid-ajpa4%3E3.3.co;2-x</a>
Why Do We Fail In Aging The Skull From The Sagittal Suture?
age; aging; Anthropology; cranium; Evolutionary Biology; sutures; synostosis
The controversy over the reliability of ectocranial suture status (open vs. closed) as an age estimation stimulated the pursuit of Meindl and Lovejoy's suggestion (Meindl and Lovejoy [1985]Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 68:57-66) for large scale analysis. The extent of the sagittal suture closure was assessed in 3,636 skulls from the Hamann-Todd and Terry collections. The debate over whether cranial suture ossification represents a pathologic or an age-predictable pathologic process also stimulated a comparison with age and two stress markers, hyperostosis frontalis interna and tuberculosis. Sagittal suture closure was found to be age-independent and sexually biased. The wide confidence intervals (for age) appear to preclude meaningful application of suture status for age determination. No correlation was found the tested biologic stressors. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hershkovitz I; Latimer B; DuTour O; Jellema L M; Wish-Baratz S; Rothschild C; Rothschild B M
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1997
1997-07
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199707)103:3%3C393::aid-ajpa8%3E3.0.co;2-r" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199707)103:3%3C393::aid-ajpa8%3E3.0.co;2-r</a>
The Elusive Petroexoccipital Articulation
age identification; Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology; jugular synchondrosis; skull base
In the present study, 1,869 skulls from the Hamann-Todd Collection were examined (macroscopically and by radiographs) for closure of the petroexoccipital articulation (jugular synchondrosis). The results demonstrated that the petroexoccipital articulation underwent closure between 20 and 50 years of age in most of the human skulls evaluated. Approximately 7-10% of the human skulls underwent complete union of the petroexoccipital articulation before 20 years of age. In 5-9% of the population, the joint remained completely open. After 50 years of age, there was no increase in the frequency of individuals with complete closure. The frequency of ''partial closure'' was similar (4-8%) for all age groups (20-25, 30-35, 40-45, 50-55, 60-65, and 70+), excluding the 30-35 year old group (17.5%). The time interval necessary for closure to occur appeared to be very short. No significant differences in closure rates due to ethnic origin, gender, or laterality were noted. The utility of the petroexoccipital articulation as an age estimator is discussed. (C) 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hershkovitz I; Latimer B; DuTour O; Jellema L M; Wish-Baratz S; Rothschild C; Rothschild B M
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1997
1997-07
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199707)103:3%3C365::aid-ajpa6%3E3.0.co;2-p" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199707)103:3%3C365::aid-ajpa6%3E3.0.co;2-p</a>
Oral Bacteria In Miocene Sivapithecus
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology; scanning electron-microscopy
Hershkovitz I; Kelly J; Latimer B; Rothschild B M; Simpson S; Polak J; Rosenberg M
Journal of Human Evolution
1997
1997-10
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1997.0149" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1006/jhev.1997.0149</a>
Serpens Endocrania Symmetrica (ses): A New Term And A Possible Clue For Identifying Intrathoracic Disease In Skeletal Populations
Anthropology; dura mater; endocranial changes; Evolutionary Biology; hypertrophic osteoarthropathy; skeletal population; tuberculosis
This paper describes a phenomenon in the endocranial plate, which we have termed "serpens endocrania symmetrica" (SES), and discusses its value as a diagnostic tool. The affected discolored bone area exhibits disruption of the endocranial surface, lending it a maze-like appearance. Histological sections demonstrate that the process is limited to the most superficial portion of the endocranium, with no diploic and ectocranial involvement (sinus areas excepted). Adult skulls (n = 1,884) from the Hamann-Todd collection (HTH), housed at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, were utilized for the present study. SES was recognized in 32 of the 1,884 skulls studied (1.7%). The frequency of SES among individuals reported to have died from tuberculosis (TB) was 4.4%. The rate of SES in the non-TB sample was only 0.53%. The locations were as follows: limited to sinus area, 28.1%; calvarium (excluding the sinuses), 46.9%; sinus + calvarium, 25.0%. SES was bilateral in 90.9% of cases. Twenty-five of the 32 individuals (78.1%) with SES in the HTH collection had tuberculosis specifically listed as the cause of death. Six of the other 7 individuals had infections other than TB. In 29 of the 32 individuals with SES, infection involved structures within the thorax. As SES was also associated with another osteological phenomenon known to represent pulmonary disease, i.e., hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA; 68.0% of SES individuals also had HOA), SES may be of diagnostic value in paleopathology for the recognition of intrathoracic disease, and perhaps tuberculosis. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hershkovitz I; Greenwald C M; Latimer B; Jellema L M; Wish-Baratz S; Eshed V; DuTour O; Rothschild B M
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2002
2002-07
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10077" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.10077</a>
The Elusive Diploic Veins: Anthropological And Anatomical Perspective
Anthropology; Anthropology; diploic vein; discrete trait; Evolutionary Biology; humans; radiator; radiographs
Diploic veins (Canales diploicae), which were identified in dogs by Dupuytren more than 200 years ago (Hecker [1845] Die anatomische Verhaltnisse und Krankheiten der Venae diploicae und Vasa emissaria, Erfahrungen und Abhandlungen im Gebiete der Chirurgie und Augenheilkunde. Erlangen), have remained inadequately understood and scantily referenced in the anatomical and anthropological literature. The tunnels formed by diploic veins are among the few known skeletal markers of soft tissue alteration. Protected by two bony laminae, diploic vein tunnels often resist postdepositional destruction and may provide a new way to assess living and extinct hominid populations. This basic research was carried out to enable future utilization of the diploic venous channels in anthropologic research. In the present study, diploic venous channels were observed radiographically in 108 human adults aged 19 years and above, 18 infants and children aged 1-18 years (Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection), eight fetuses aged 7-9 months (the Johns Hopkins Collection), and seven nonhuman primates (Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection), In addition, seven documented cases of parents and children were radiographed for genetic evaluation (Osteological Collection of The Hungarian Natural History Museum). Five distinct diploic distribution patterns were identified and described in this study. This was at variance with the impressions reported in dissection-based studies. Independence of diploic vein pattern from demographic (gender and age) and size factors and their tendency to be symmetrical make them amenable and reliable traits for skeletal population study. Diploic vein patterns appeared to be more complicated in humans than in nonhuman primates, raising the possibility of future phylogenetic applications. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hershkovitz I; Greenwald C; Rothschild B M; Latimer B; DuTour O; Jellema L M; Wish-Baratz S; Pap I; Leonetti G
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1999
1999-03
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199903)108:3%3C345::aid-ajpa9%3E3.0.co;2-s" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199903)108:3%3C345::aid-ajpa9%3E3.0.co;2-s</a>
Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna: An Anthropological Perspective
Anthropology; breast cancer; estrogen; Evolutionary Biology; hyperostosis frontalis interna; skeletal populations
Hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI) is manifested by the accretion of bone on the inner table of the frontal bone. Despite the vast literature on HFI, ambiguity exists as to its etiology, osteogenesis, demography, and history. This stimulated the present broad-scale study of HFI which included the evaluation of 1,706 early 20th century skulls (1,007 males and 699 females) from the Hamann-Todd and Terry human osteological collections, as well as 2,019 pre-19th century East-Mediterranean, Amerindian, and Central European skulls. In addition, 72 cadavers were dissected for gross inspection and histology. Special attention was paid to the relationship of the brain and meninges to endocranial lesions. HFI is an independent condition, not a symptom of a more generalized syndrome as suggested in the past. It can appear in a variety of forms but each is the result of the same process and probably of the same etiology. Investigators' previous failure to recognize the mild stages of HFI (types A and B) as an early form of the general HFI process led to erroneous statistics and interpretations of observations. HFI should also be considered a phenomenon separate from HCI, hyperostosis cranialis diffusa (HCD), and other endostoses, even when it appears in association with them. To avoid ambiguity and facilitate the description of cranial hyperostoses, uniform nomenclature (HFI, HCD) has been recommended. HFI is rarely seen in historic populations, regardless of geographical origin. It is most commonly found among females and is believed to be associated with prolonged estrogen stimulation. While its magnitude of manifestation and frequency are much higher in females, HFI is not a purely female phenomenon. Males with hormonal disturbances such as atrophic testis were found to manifest HFI type D. HFI is associated with age insofar as it is much less frequent in females under 40 years of age. Although advanced cases of HFI (types C and D) have been observed in individuals as young as 40 years of age, it is more frequently found after age 60. The frequency of HFI type D will not increase from age 60. Type-predicted analysis by cohort reveals significant ethnic differences. Changes in African American (AA) females appear earlier in life and progress more rapidly than in European American (EA) females. Analysis of radiographs shows a discrepancy between the anatomic prevalence of HFI and its radiological recognition, which is very poor for mild cases. This apparently resulted in the misconceptions that HFI is entirely an old-age phenomenon, and that it is exclusively female. Histological analysis shows that the inner table along with the closely attached dural layer play a major role in the osteogenesis of HFI. Contrary to previous models, no evidence for diploe or ectocranial plate involvement was found. Cadaver study suggests that the predilection for the frontal area may be related to an altered blood supply and/or vascular stretching. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hershkovitz I; Greenwald C; Rothschild B M; Latimer B; DuTour O; Jellema L M; Wish-Baratz S
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1999
1999-07
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199907)109:3%3C303::aid-ajpa3%3E3.0.co;2-i" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199907)109:3%3C303::aid-ajpa3%3E3.0.co;2-i</a>
Grasping Primate Development: Ontogeny Of Intrinsic Hand And Foot Proportions In White-fronted Capuchin Monkeys (cebus Albifrons)
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Heard-Booth A N; Young J W
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2010
2010
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Long Bone-growth Velocity In A Late Woodland Skeletal Population
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Harrison M L; Lovejoy C O
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1979
1979
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Infant Growth In Callitrichid Primates
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Harrison M L
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1988
1988-02
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Serpens Endocrania Symmetrica (ses): A New Term And Possible Sign Of Cranial Tuberculosis
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Greenwald C M; Latimer B; Jellema L M; Hershkovitz I; DuTour O; Rothschild B M
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1999
1905-06
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Complex Enamel Structure In Primates
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Maas M C
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1999
1999
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Chronological Metamorphosis Of The Auricular Surface Of The Ilium - A New Method For The Determination Of Adult Skeletal Age At Death
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Lovejoy C O; Meindl R S; Pryzbeck T R; Mensforth R P
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1985
1985
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680103" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.1330680103</a>
Multifactorial Determination Of Skeletal Age At Death - A Method And Blind Tests Of Its Accuracy
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Lovejoy C O; Meindl R S; Mensforth R P; Barton T J
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1985
1985
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680102" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.1330680102</a>
Hominid Upper Limb Bones Recovered From The Hadar Formation - 1974-1977 Collections
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Lovejoy C O; Johanson D C; Coppens Y
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1982
1982
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330570409" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.1330570409</a>
Hominid Lower-limb Bones Recovered From The Hadar Formation - 1974-1977 Collections
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Lovejoy C O; Johanson D C; Coppens Y
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1982
1982
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330570411" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.1330570411</a>
Elements Of The Axial Skeleton Recovered From The Hadar Formation - 1974-1977 Collections
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Lovejoy C O; Johanson D C; Coppens Y
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1982
1982
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330570408" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.1330570408</a>
The Analysis Of Fractures In Skeletal Populations With An Example From The Libben Site, Ottowa-county, Ohio
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Lovejoy C O; Heiple K G
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1981
1981
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330550414" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.1330550414</a>
Reconstruction Of The Pelvis Of Al-288 (hadar Formation, Ethiopia)
Anthropology; Evolutionary Biology
Lovejoy C O
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1979
1979
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a