Calcium channel blocker toxicity.
Adult; Assisted Circulation; Calcium Channel Blockers/classification/pharmacokinetics/*poisoning; Calcium Channels; Calcium Chloride/therapeutic use; Cardiovascular Agents/therapeutic use; Cardiovascular Diseases/*chemically induced/drug therapy; Charcoal/therapeutic use; Child; Combined Modality Therapy; Drug Overdose/drug therapy/therapy; Enema; Extracorporeal Circulation; Fat Emulsions; Fluid Therapy; Glucagon/therapeutic use; Heart/drug effects; Humans; Hyperglycemia/*chemically induced/drug therapy; Infant; Intravenous/therapeutic use; L-Type/physiology; Muscle; Plasmapheresis; Poisoning/drug therapy/physiopathology/therapy; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Preschool; Smooth; Vascular/drug effects
Calcium channel blockers continue to be used for the management of a wide variety of adult and pediatric conditions including hypertension, angina pectoris, atrial arrhythmias, Raynaud phenomenon, and migraine headaches. With increased use comes increased potential for misuse and abuse. This article serves as a review of calcium channel blocker physiology with emphasis on presentation and management of the pediatric patient with calcium channel blocker toxicity.
Arroyo Anna Maria; Kao Louise W
Pediatric emergency care
2009
2009-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181b0a504" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181b0a504</a>
Repackaging of Intravenous Fat Emulsions: A Clinical Conundrum.
Drug Packaging – Methods; Drug Packaging/*methods; Fat Emulsions; Humans; Infant; Intravenous – Administration and Dosage; intravenous fat emulsions; Intravenous/*administration & dosage; Medication Errors – Prevention and Control; Medication Errors/*prevention & control; neonates; Newborn; parenteral nutrition; Parenteral Nutrition – Methods; parenteral nutrition solutions; Parenteral Nutrition/*methods; pediatrics
To accommodate small fluid volumes, repackaging of intravenous fat emulsions (IVFEs) is frequently performed in institutions providing parenteral nutrition to neonates and smaller pediatric patients. However, some consider this an unsafe practice. Concerns for potential administration errors leading to an overdose of IVFEs are weighed against the potential for microbial contamination from the repackaging process. The clinician providing pediatric nutrition support should tailor repackaging practices to ensure patient safety and quality. This discussion aims to describe the strengths and limitations surrounding IVFE repackaging to provide guidance regarding the practice.
Cober M Petrea
Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
2016
2016-10
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1177/0884533616662994" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1177/0884533616662994</a>