Stump pemphigoid.
Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Biopsy; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Amputation Stumps/*pathology; Niacinamide/therapeutic use; Tetracycline/therapeutic use; Bullous/drug therapy/immunology/*pathology; Pemphigoid
Stump pemphigoid is a localized variant of bullous pemphigoid characterized by specific clinical, pathological, and immunofluorescent characteristics. The early diagnosis of this entity guides treatment toward this specific immunologically mediated inflammatory process and away from treatment of unrelated conditions with similar clinical findings.
Brodell R T; Korman N J
Cutis
1996
1996-04
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Distribution and origin of secretoneurin-immunoreactive nerves in the female rat uterus.
Animals; Cervix Uteri/innervation/metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Ganglia; Ganglia/metabolism; Lumbosacral Region; Nervous System/metabolism; Neuropeptides/*metabolism; Pelvis/innervation; Rats; Secretogranin II; Sensory/metabolism; Spinal Cord/metabolism; Uterus/*innervation
Secretoneurin is a 33-amino acid peptide derived from secretogranin II. Secretoneurin immunoreactivity has been localized in the peripheral nervous system where it exerts potent chemotactic activity for monocytes and may play a role in inflammation. Secretoneurin could play a role in this process, although the presence and distribution of secretoneurin-immunoreactive neurons in the female reproductive system has not been documented. Thus, this study was undertaken to examine secretoneurin immunoreactivity in nerves of the rat uterus and uterine cervix. A moderate plexus of secretoneurin-immunoreactive nerve fibers was present in the myometrium and endometrium of the uterus as well as in the smooth muscle and endocervix of the cervix. Many of these fibers were associated with the vasculature as well as the myometrium. Secretoneurin immunoreactivity was present in small- to medium-sized neurons of dorsal root and nodose ganglia. Retrograde tracing with FluoroGold indicated that some of these sensory neurons project axons to the cervix and uterine horns. Secretoneurin-immunoreactive terminal-like structures were associated with neurons in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus of the lumbosacral spinal cord. In addition, some secretoneurin terminals were apposed to pelvic parasympathetic neurons in the paracervical ganglia that projected axons to the uterus and cervix. Double-immunostaining indicated co-existence of calcitonin gene-related peptide or substance P with secretoneurin in some sensory neurons, in some terminals of the pelvic ganglia, as well as nerve fibers in the uterine horn and cervix. Finally, fibers in the uterus and cervix were depleted of secretoneurin by capsaicin treatment. This study indicates that secretoneurin is present in the uterus in C-afferent nerve fibers whose cell bodies are located in sensory ganglia. Some of these fibers contain both secretoneurin and calcitonin gene-related peptide or substance P. These substances have functions in inflammatory reactions. Further, secretoneurin could influence postganglionic parasympathetic "uterine-related" neurons in the pelvic ganglia and preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord.
Collins J J; Wilson K; Fischer-Colbrie R; Papka R E
Neuroscience
2000
1905-6
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00396-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00396-6</a>
A block in glycoprotein processing correlates with small plaque morphology and virion targetting to cell-cell junctions for an oral and an anal strain of herpes simplex virus type-1.
*Protein Processing; Anal Canal/virology; Animals; Cercopithecus aethiops; Electron; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Genetic Complementation Test; Herpesvirus 1; Human/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology; Humans; Indirect; Intercellular Junctions/physiology/*virology; Kinetics; Microscopy; Mouth/virology; Post-Translational; Species Specificity; Vero Cells; Viral Envelope Proteins/*biosynthesis/metabolism; Viral Plaque Assay; Virion/*physiology
The characteristics of two clinical isolates of HSV-1 obtained from an oral (424) and an anal (490) lesion were compared with the highly passaged KOS strain. In contrast to KOS, the clinical isolates produced small plaques, were more cell-associated and the predominant viral glycoprotein species for gC and gD in infected cell lysates was the precursor, high mannose glycoform. Total virus production in Vero cells was equivalent for the three virus strains in one-step growths. Pulse-chase studies of glycoprotein C processing showed a reduction in rate at 7.5 h post infection and a significant block in processing at 10.5 h post infection for 424 and 490 but not KOS. Similar results were obtained for gD. The significant reduction in glycoprotein processing for 424 and 490 suggests a block in transport of viral glycoproteins or virions to and through the Golgi apparatus. Extracellular virions and the cell surface, prior to cell lysis, contained the processed gC glycoform suggesting a competent cellular glycan processing system. Upon co-infection of 424 or 490 with KOS or a gC- KOS strain, gC was processed to levels equivalent to KOS indicating that 424 and 490 are not inhibitory but that an activity(s) encoded by KOS facilitates maturation of gC from 424 and 490. Unlike KOS infected Vero cells, virion-containing vacuoles were observed in the cytoplasm at 12 h p.i. and extracellular virions were concentrated at cell-cell junctions of 424 or 490 infected cells but not in the perinuclear region. These results suggest that intracellular transport of viral glycoproteins and virions in 424 and 490 infected cells is different from KOS infected cells. The reduced level of viral glycoprotein maturation, virus release, cell surface presence and presence of virions at cell-cell junctions are consistent with small plaque production in tissue culture cells.
Dick J W; Rosenthal K S
Archives of virology
1995
1995
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/bf01323238" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/bf01323238</a>
Identification and functional characterization of two type VI collagen receptors, alpha 3 beta 1 integrin and NG2, during avian corneal stromal development.
Animals; Chick Embryo; Fibroblasts/metabolism; Cell Movement/physiology; Immunoblotting; Integrins/*metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Cell Culture Techniques; Extracellular Matrix/metabolism; Antigens/*metabolism; Cell Polarity/physiology; Cell Size/physiology; Collagen/*metabolism; Corneal Stroma/*embryology/*metabolism; Integrin alpha3beta1; Proteoglycans/*metabolism; Receptors; Indirect; Laminin/*metabolism
PURPOSE: The development and maintenance of extracellular matrix architecture in the corneal stroma is associated with abundant type VI collagen deposition. This collagen has been implicated in mediating both cell-matrix and matrix-matrix interactions. Although corneal fibroblasts spread extensively on this collagen, its role in corneal development has not been elucidated. METHODS: To clarify the role of this collagen, two type VI collagen receptors were studied during corneal development using immunochemical techniques: alpha 3 beta 1 integrin and an integral membrane proteoglycan, NG2. RESULTS: At embryonic day 6, these receptors were present in a diffuse pattern on cells within the cornea and juxtacorneal regions, indicating a migratory phenotype. At embryonic day 14, when the stroma is fully differentiated, alpha 3 and NG2 were localized in a punctate pattern on a subset of corneal fibroblasts, whereas beta 1 was more ubiquitously expressed. Colocalization of NG2 and type VI collagen indicated that this collagen was present and punctate in its organization was associated with NG2-positive cells. Immunochemical analyses at embryonic days 5 and 14 revealed alpha 3 and beta 1 at 155 kDa and 120 kDa, respectively, and demonstrated that these subunits were interacting to form a heterodimer. NG2 was present with a core protein of 330 kDa and an intact proteoglycan of approximately 600 kDa, and analysis of stromal lysates indicated a chondroitin sulfate-containing proteoglycan. Matrix-receptor cross-linking demonstrated the interaction of beta 1 and NG2 in periocular mesenchyme cells and corneal fibroblasts with type VI collagen, whereas only a subset of cells expressed alpha 3, indicating the presence of another beta 1 integrin. No variations between in vivo and in vitro expression of either alpha 3 beta 1 or NG2 were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that two receptors for type VI collagen, alpha 3 beta 1 and NG2, are present during corneal stromal development, with a functional interaction of these receptors with type VI collagen. These interactions may play a role in corneal cell migration, development, and maintenance of corneal architecture.
Doane K J; Howell S J; Birk D E
Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
1998
1998-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Herpes simplex virus type 1 that exhibits herpes simplex virus type 2 sensitivity to (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine.
Animals; Antibodies; Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology; Bromodeoxyuridine/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology; DNA; Drug Resistance; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Microbial; Monoclonal; Simplexvirus/*drug effects/enzymology/genetics; Thymidine Kinase/analysis/genetics; Viral/analysis/biosynthesis; Virus Replication/drug effects
A clinical isolate, designated 145, of herpes simplex virus (HSV) had type 1 characteristics as determined by monoclonal antibody immunofluorescence, heat stability of viral thymidine kinase (TK), BamHI restriction endonuclease pattern, and absence of the HSV-2-specific 38-kD protein. However, instead of being sensitive to E-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BVDU) like HSV-1, isolate 145 displayed a resistance pattern like HSV-2 to the drug as determined by viral replication and viral DNA synthesis. Because BVDU is activated by viral TK phosphorylation, we cloned the TK-containing DNA region from isolate 145 and compared it by restriction mapping using several endonucleases to similar regions of HSV-1 and HSV-2. In each instance, the patterns for HSV-1 and isolate 145 were identical to each other, but distinct from the patterns for the corresponding region of HSV-2, suggesting that the genome TK region of isolate 145 was
Docherty J J; Dobson A T; Trimble J J; Jennings B A
Intervirology
1991
1991
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1159/000150213" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1159/000150213</a>
Tromantadine inhibits a late step in herpes simplex virus type 1 replication and syncytium formation.
Time Factors; Animals; Rabbits; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Viral Envelope Proteins/biosynthesis; Virus Replication/*drug effects; Vero Cells; Antibodies; Amantadine/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology; Cycloheximide/pharmacology; Giant Cells/*drug effects; Glycoproteins/biosynthesis; Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis; Neutralization Tests; Simplexvirus/*drug effects/physiology; Viral/immunology
Addition of tromantadine after virus penetration inhibited HSV-1 induced syncytium formation and virus production in HEp-2 and VERO cells and acted additively with neutralizing antibody in blocking virus spread and cytopathology. Inhibition of syncytium formation in VERO cells infected with 0.01 pfu/cell of
Ickes D E; Venetta T M; Phonphok Y; Rosenthal K S
Antiviral research
1990
1990-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0166-3542(90)90045-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0166-3542(90)90045-9</a>
Primary cilia regulates the directional migration and barrier integrity of endothelial cells through the modulation of hsp27 dependent actin cytoskeletal organization.
*Cell Movement; Actin Cytoskeleton/*metabolism; Animals; Blotting; Capillary Permeability/*physiology; Cell Adhesion; Cilia/metabolism; Endothelial Cells/cytology/*metabolism; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Focal Adhesions/metabolism; HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins/*metabolism; Mice; Polycystic Kidney Diseases/physiopathology; Signal Transduction/physiology; Transgenic; Western
Cilia are mechanosensing organelles that communicate extracellular signals into intracellular responses. Altered functions of primary cilia play a key role in the development of various diseases including polycystic kidney disease. Here, we show that endothelial cells from the oak ridge polycystic kidney (Tg737(orpk/orpk) ) mouse, with impaired cilia assembly, exhibit a reduction in the actin stress fibers and focal adhesions compared to wild-type (WT). In contrast, endothelial cells from polycystin-1 deficient mice (pkd1(null/null) ), with impaired cilia function, display robust stress fibers, and focal adhesion assembly. We found that the Tg737(orpk/orpk) cells exhibit impaired directional migration and endothelial cell monolayer permeability compared to the WT and pkd1(null/null) cells. Finally, we found that the expression of heat shock protein 27 (hsp27) and the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) are downregulated in the Tg737(orpk/orpk) cells and overexpression of hsp27 restored both FAK phosphorylation and cell migration. Taken together, these results demonstrate that disruption of the primary cilia structure or function compromises the endothelium through the suppression of hsp27 dependent actin organization and focal adhesion formation, which may contribute to the vascular dysfunction in ciliopathies.
Jones Thomas J; Adapala Ravi K; Geldenhuys Werner J; Bursley Chris; AbouAlaiwi Wissam A; Nauli Surya M; Thodeti Charles K
Journal of cellular physiology
2012
2012-01
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.22704" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/jcp.22704</a>
Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 dimers requires glutamate binding in both subunits.
Blotting; Calcium Channels/drug effects/metabolism; DNA/biosynthesis/genetics; Dose-Response Relationship; Drug; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Genes; Glutamic Acid/*metabolism; Humans; Membrane Potentials/drug effects; Metabotropic Glutamate/genetics/*metabolism; myc/genetics; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Plasmids/genetics; Receptors; Signal Transduction/drug effects; Superior Cervical Ganglion/cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Sympathetic Nervous System/cytology/drug effects/metabolism; Western
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) form stable, disulfide-linked homodimers. Lack of a verifiably monomeric mGluR1 mutant has led to difficulty in assessing the role of dimerization in the molecular mechanism of mGluR1 activation. The related GABA(B) receptor exhibits striking intradimer cross talk (ligand binding at one subunit effectively produces G protein activation at the other), but it is unclear whether group I mGluRs exhibit analogous cross talk. Signaling of heterologously expressed mGluR1 was examined in isolated rat sympathetic neurons by measuring glutamate-mediated inhibition of native calcium currents. To examine mGluR1 activity when only one dimer subunit has access to glutamate ligand, wildtype mGluR1 was coexpressed with mGluR1 Y74A, a mutant with impaired glutamate binding, and the activity of the heterodimer (mutant/wild type) was examined. The mGluR1 Y74A mutant alone had a dose-response curve that was shifted by about 2 orders of magnitude. The half-maximal dose of glutamate shifted from 1.3 (wild-type mGluR1) to about 450 (mGluR1 Y74A) microM. However, the maximal effect was similar. Wild-type mGluR1 was expressed with excess Y74A mGluR1 to generate a receptor population consisting largely of mutant homodimers and mutant/wild-type heterodimers but without detectable wild-type homodimers. Under these conditions, no glutamate-mediated calcium current inhibition was observed below approximately 300 microM glutamate, although wild-type mGluR1 protein was detectable with immunofluorescence. These data suggest that mutant/wild-type heterodimeric receptors are inactive at ligand concentrations favoring glutamate association with receptor dimers at only one subunit.
Kammermeier Paul J; Yun June
The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics
2005
2005-02
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.104.073155" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1124/jpet.104.073155</a>
Iron localization in superficial siderosis of the central nervous system.
Astrocytes/chemistry/ultrastructure; Brain Chemistry; Brain Diseases/metabolism/*pathology; Brain/pathology/ultrastructure; Confocal; Electron; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Iron/*analysis; Macrophages/chemistry; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Mitochondria/chemistry/ultrastructure; Neurons/chemistry; Oligodendroglia/chemistry/ultrastructure; Siderosis/*metabolism/*pathology; Spinal Cord Diseases/*pathology/physiopathology; Spinal Cord/chemistry/pathology/ultrastructure; Transmission
Originally conceived as an uncommon disorder, with the advent of MRI, CNS superficial siderosis has been observed more frequently. We present histologic, histochemical, immunohistochemical, immunofluorescent and ultrastructural evaluation of a 56-year-old woman with superficial siderosis. Iron was concentrated in macrophages, superficial astrocytes and gray matter oligodendroglia deep within the cord. While spatially associated with dystrophic glial and neuronal spheroids, iron did not colocalize with mitochondria. Neurotoxic effects were observed despite selective iron localization only within a variety of non-neuronal cell types.
Kellermier Harry; Wang Guoji; Wiley Clayton
Neuropathology : official journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology
2009
2009-04
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00943.x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00943.x</a>
An N-terminal arginine-rich cluster and a proline-alanine-threonine repeat region determine the cellular localization of the herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP34.5 protein and its ligand, protein phosphatase 1.
*Repetitive Sequences; Alanine/metabolism; Amino Acid; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Arginine/metabolism; Base Sequence; Cell Compartmentation; Cercopithecus aethiops; DNA Primers; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Indirect; Ligands; Molecular Sequence Data; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/*metabolism; Proline/metabolism; Protein Phosphatase 1; Recombinant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism; Subcellular Fractions/metabolism; Threonine/metabolism; Vero Cells; Viral Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism
The ICP34.5 protein facilitates herpes simplex virus replication by binding and activating protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) by means of a very conserved C-terminal
Mao Hanwen; Rosenthal Kenneth S
The Journal of biological chemistry
2002
2002-03
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111553200" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1074/jbc.M111553200</a>
Estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta coexist in a subpopulation of sensory neurons of female rat dorsal root ganglia.
Female; Animals; Rats; Cell Count; *Sex Characteristics; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Estrous Cycle/*physiology; Estrogen Receptor alpha; Cell Nucleus/metabolism/ultrastructure; Estrogen Receptor beta; Estrogens/*metabolism; Ganglia; Neurons; Sprague-Dawley; Receptors; Spinal/cytology/*metabolism; Genitalia; Estrogen/*metabolism; Afferent/cytology/*metabolism; Female/innervation
Immunoreactivities for estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) and ER-beta are expressed in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). It has not been established, however, if the two receptor subtypes coexist in the same neuron. Double-staining immunohistochemical techniques were used to determine if subpopulations of neurons in the lumbosacral DRG exist based on their content of ERs. Results indicate that some neurons (approximately 17%) of the L6-S1 DRG contain ER-alpha -, some (approximately 23%) contain ER-beta - immunoreactivity and some (approximately 5%) express immunoreactivity for both subtypes of the ER. These results suggest that many sensory neurons can respond to estrogens, but estrogens may produce different morphofunctional effects in different neurons based on their expression of ER subtypes.
Papka Raymond E; Storey-Workley Megan
Neuroscience letters
2002
2002-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Projections from auditory cortex to cholinergic cells in the midbrain tegmentum of guinea pigs.
Animals; Auditory Cortex/*metabolism; Auditory Pathways/metabolism; Axonal Transport; Axons/metabolism; Choline O-Acetyltransferase/*metabolism; Efferent Pathways/metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Guinea Pigs; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons/*metabolism; Tegmentum Mesencephali/*metabolism
Anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques were used to characterize projections from the auditory cortex to the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (PPT and LDT, respectively) in the midbrain tegmentum in guinea pigs. For anterograde tracing, tetramethylrhodamine dextran (FluoroRuby) was injected at several sites within auditory cortex. After sufficient time for transport, the brain was processed for immunohistochemistry with anti-choline acetyltransferase to reveal presumptive cholinergic cells. Anterogradely labeled axons were observed ipsilaterally and, in smaller numbers, contralaterally, in both the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei. In all four nuclei, tracer-labeled boutons appeared to contact immunolabeled (i.e., cholinergic) cells. The contacts occurred on cell bodies and dendrites. The results were similar following injections that spread across multiple auditory cortical areas or injections that were within primary auditory cortex. In order to confirm the anterograde results, in a second series of experiments, retrograde tracers were deposited in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. These injections labeled layer V pyramidal cells in the auditory cortex. The results suggest an excitatory projection from primary auditory cortex bilaterally to cholinergic cells in the midbrain tegmentum. Such a pathway could allow auditory cortex to activate brainstem cholinergic circuits, possibly including the cholinergic pathways associated with arousal and gating of acoustic stimuli.
Schofield Brett R; Motts Susan D
Brain research bulletin
2009
2009-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.06.015" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.06.015</a>