1
40
6
-
Text
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URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22683" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22683</a>
Pages
565–576
Issue
4
Volume
156
Dublin Core
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Title
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Angular momentum and arboreal stability in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).
Publisher
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American journal of physical anthropology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2015
2015-04
Subject
The topic of the resource
Animals; Anthropology; Anthropometry; asymmetrical gaits; balance; Biomechanical Phenomena/*physiology; Callithrix/*physiology; center of mass; Gait/*physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Male; Physical; Postural Balance/physiology; primate locomotor evolution; torque; Torque
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Chadwell Brad A; Young Jesse W
Description
An account of the resource
Despite the importance that concepts of arboreal stability have in theories of primate locomotor evolution, we currently lack measures of balance performance during primate locomotion. We provide the first quantitative data on locomotor stability in an arboreal primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), predicting that primates should maximize arboreal stability by minimizing side-to-side angular momentum about the support (i.e., Lsup ). If net Lsup becomes excessive, the animal will be unable to arrest its angular movement and will fall. Using a novel, highly integrative experimental procedure we directly measured whole-body Lsup in two adult marmosets moving along narrow (2.5 cm diameter) and broad (5 cm diameter) poles. Marmosets showed a strong preference for asymmetrical gaits (e.g., gallops and bounds) over symmetrical gaits (e.g., walks and runs), with asymmetrical gaits representing \textgreater90% of all strides. Movement on the narrow support was associated with an increase in more "grounded" gaits (i.e., lacking an aerial phase) and a more even distribution of torque production between the fore- and hind limbs. These adjustments in gait dynamics significantly reduced net Lsup on the narrow support relative to the broad support. Despite their lack of a well-developed grasping apparatus, marmosets proved adept at producing muscular "grasping" torques about the support, particularly with the hind limbs. We contend that asymmetrical gaits permit small-bodied arboreal mammals, including primates, to expand "effective grasp" by gripping the substrate between left and right limbs of a girdle. This model of arboreal stability may hold important implications for understanding primate locomotor evolution.
Identifier
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22683" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.22683</a>
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Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
2015
American journal of physical anthropology
Animals
Anthropology
Anthropometry
asymmetrical gaits
Balance
Biomechanical Phenomena/*physiology
Callithrix/*physiology
center of mass
Chadwell Brad A
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Gait/*physiology
Locomotion/*physiology
Male
NEOMED College of Medicine
Physical
Postural Balance/physiology
primate locomotor evolution
Torque
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101758" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101758</a>
Pages
e101758–e101758
Issue
7
Volume
9
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Human quadrupeds, primate quadrupedalism, and Uner Tan Syndrome.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
PloS one
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2014
2014
Subject
The topic of the resource
Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Animals; Child; Infant; Gait/*physiology; Syndrome; *Primates; Posture/physiology; Walking/*physiology; Molecular; Evolution
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Shapiro Liza J; Cole Whitney G; Young Jesse W; Raichlen David A; Robinson Scott R; Adolph Karen E
Description
An account of the resource
Since 2005, an extensive literature documents individuals from several families afflicted with "Uner Tan Syndrome (UTS)," a condition that in its most extreme form is characterized by cerebellar hypoplasia, loss of balance and coordination, impaired cognitive abilities, and habitual quadrupedal gait on hands and feet. Some researchers have interpreted habitual use of quadrupedalism by these individuals from an evolutionary perspective, suggesting that it represents an atavistic expression of our quadrupedal primate ancestry or "devolution." In support of this idea, individuals with "UTS" are said to use diagonal sequence quadrupedalism, a type of quadrupedal gait that distinguishes primates from most other mammals. Although the use of primate-like quadrupedal gait in humans would not be sufficient to support the conclusion of evolutionary "reversal," no quantitative gait analyses were presented to support this claim. Using standard gait analysis of 518 quadrupedal strides from video sequences of individuals with "UTS", we found that these humans almost exclusively used lateral sequence-not diagonal sequence-quadrupedal gaits. The quadrupedal gait of these individuals has therefore been erroneously described as primate-like, further weakening the "devolution" hypothesis. In fact, the quadrupedalism exhibited by individuals with UTS resembles that of healthy adult humans asked to walk quadrupedally in an experimental setting. We conclude that quadrupedalism in healthy adults or those with a physical disability can be explained using biomechanical principles rather than evolutionary assumptions.
Identifier
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101758" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1371/journal.pone.0101758</a>
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Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
*Primates
2014
Adolph Karen E
Adult
Animals
Child
Cole Whitney G
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Evolution
Female
Gait/*physiology
Humans
Infant
Male
Molecular
NEOMED College of Medicine
PloS one
Posture/physiology
Raichlen David A
Robinson Scott R
Shapiro Liza J
Syndrome
Walking/*physiology
Young Jesse W
-
Text
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URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2020" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2020</a>
Pages
329–343
Issue
5
Volume
325
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Effects of Substrate Size and Orientation on Quadrupedal Gait Kinematics in Mouse Lemurs (Microcebus murinus).
Publisher
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Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2016
2016-06
Subject
The topic of the resource
Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cheirogaleidae/*physiology; Female; Gait/*physiology; Male
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Shapiro Liza J; Kemp Addison D; Young Jesse W
Description
An account of the resource
As the smallest living primate, the mouse lemur is a suitable model for reconstructing the locomotor mechanisms by which primate ancestors might have responded to the challenges of an arboreal environment. In this study, we tested the effects of substrate diameter and orientation on quadrupedal gait kinematics in mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus). Mouse lemurs highly preferred asymmetrical to symmetrical gaits as they moved across a flat board and poles of three diameters (2.5, 1.0, and 0.5 cm), set at horizontal, 30 degrees inclined, and 30 degrees declined orientations. During symmetrical gaits, mouse lemurs used diagonal sequence walking and ambling gaits on the same substrates and at the same duty factors for which some similarly sized nonprimate mammals use lateral sequence gaits, suggesting that reliance on diagonal sequence walking in primates may not be explicitly a response to body size relative to substrate diameter. When using asymmetrical gaits, kinematic adjustments to small diameter and/or nonhorizontal substrates included a preference for transverse gallops over other gaits, the avoidance of whole-body suspensions, increases in limb contact duration, and increases in the time interval between the landing of trailing and leading limbs. All of these adjustments are consistent with increasing locomotor stability by dampening center of mass movements and reducing the forces imparted to the substrate. Like mouse lemurs, small-bodied ancestral primates likely used symmetrical gaits occasionally, but more frequently used asymmetrical gaits that were adjusted in response to challenging substrates. Therefore, asymmetrical gait dynamics should be incorporated into hypotheses addressing early primate locomotor evolution.
Identifier
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2020" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/jez.2020</a>
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Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
2016
Animals
Biomechanical Phenomena
Cheirogaleidae/*physiology
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Female
Gait/*physiology
Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology
Kemp Addison D
Male
NEOMED College of Medicine
Shapiro Liza J
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22016" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22016</a>
Pages
580–592
Issue
4
Volume
147
Dublin Core
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Title
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Gait selection and the ontogeny of quadrupedal walking in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis).
Publisher
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American journal of physical anthropology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2012
2012-04
Subject
The topic of the resource
Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology; Body Size; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Gait/*physiology; Logistic Models; Saimiri/*physiology; Walking/*physiology
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Young Jesse W
Description
An account of the resource
Locomotor researchers have long known that adult primates employ a unique footfall sequence during walking. Most mammals use lateral sequence (LS) gaits, in which hind foot touchdowns are followed by ipsilateral forefoot touchdowns. In contrast, most quadrupedal primates use diagonal sequence (DS) gaits, in which hind foot touchdowns are followed by contralateral forefoot touchdowns. However, gait selection in immature primates is more variable, with infants and juveniles frequently using LS gaits either exclusively or in addition to DS gaits. I explored the developmental bases for this phenomenon by examining the ontogeny of gait selection in juvenile squirrel monkeys walking on flat and simulated arboreal substrates (i.e., a raised pole). Although DS gaits predominated throughout development, the juvenile squirrel monkeys nonetheless utilized LS gaits in one-third of the ground strides and in one-sixth of pole strides. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that gait selection within the juvenile squirrel monkey sample was not significantly associated with either age or body mass per se, arguing against the oft-cited argument that general neuromuscular maturation is responsible for ontogenetic changes in preferred footfall sequence. Rather, lower level biomechanical variables, specifically the position of the whole-body center of mass and the potential for interference between ipsilateral fore and hindlimbs, best explained variation in footfall patterns. Overall, results demonstrate the promise of developmental studies of growth and locomotor development to serve as "natural laboratories" in which to explore how variability in morphology is, or is not, associated with variability in locomotor behavior.
Identifier
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22016" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.22016</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
2012
American journal of physical anthropology
Animals
Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology
Body Size
Cross-Sectional Studies
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Female
Gait/*physiology
Logistic Models
NEOMED College of Medicine
Saimiri/*physiology
Walking/*physiology
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23388" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23388</a>
Pages
37–71
Volume
165 Suppl 65
Dublin Core
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Title
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Developments in development: What have we learned from primate locomotor ontogeny?
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
American journal of physical anthropology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2018
2018-01
Subject
The topic of the resource
*allometry; *gait mechanics; *life history; *locomotor independence; *ontogeny; Animals; Anthropology; Biomechanical Phenomena/*physiology; Bone and Bones/physiology; Female; Gait/*physiology; Hand Strength/physiology; Humans; Locomotion/*physiology; Male; Phylogeny; Physical; Primates/*physiology
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Young Jesse W; Shapiro Liza J
Description
An account of the resource
The importance of locomotion to evolutionary fitness has led to extensive study of primate locomotor behavior, morphology and ecology. Most previous research has focused on adult primates, but in the last few decades, increased attention to locomotor development has provided new insights toward our broader understanding of primate adaptation and evolution. Here, we review the contributions of this body of work from three basic perspectives. First, we assess possible determinants on the timing of locomotor independence, an important life history event. Significant influences on timing of locomotor independence include adult female body mass, age at weaning, and especially relative brain size, a significant predictor of other primate life history variables. Additionally, we found significant phylogenetic differences in the timing of locomotor independence, even accounting for these influences. Second, we discuss how structural aspects of primate growth may enhance the locomotor performance and safety of young primates, despite their inherent neuromotor and musculoskeletal limitations. For example, compared to adults, growing primates have greater muscle mechanical advantage, greater bone robusticity, and larger extremities with relatively long digits. Third, focusing on primate quadrupedalism, we provide examples that illustrate how ontogenetic transitions in morphology and locomotion can serve as a model system for testing broader principles underlying primate locomotor biomechanics. This approach has led to a better understanding of the key features that contribute to primates' stride characteristics, gait patterns, limb force distribution, and limb postures. We have learned a great deal from the study of locomotor ontogeny, but there is much left to explore. We conclude by offering guidelines for future research, both in the laboratory and the field.
Identifier
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23388" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.23388</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
*allometry
*gait mechanics
*life history
*locomotor independence
*ontogeny
2018
American journal of physical anthropology
Animals
Anthropology
Biomechanical Phenomena/*physiology
Bone and Bones/physiology
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Female
Gait/*physiology
Hand Strength/physiology
Humans
Locomotion/*physiology
Male
NEOMED College of Medicine
Phylogeny
Physical
Primates/*physiology
Shapiro Liza J
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.140939" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.140939</a>
Pages
2659–2672
Volume
219
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Effects of support diameter and compliance on common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) gait kinematics.
Publisher
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The Journal of experimental biology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2016
2016-09
Subject
The topic of the resource
Male; Animals; Callithrix/*physiology; Gait/*physiology; *Balance; *Branch stiffness; *Fine branch niche; *Locomotion; *Stability; Biomechanical Phenomena; Compliance; Forelimb/physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Video Recording; Computer-Assisted; Image Processing
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Young Jesse W; Stricklen Bethany M; Chadwell Brad A
Description
An account of the resource
Locomotion is precarious in an arboreal habitat, where supports can vary in both diameter and level of compliance. Several previous studies have evaluated the influence of substrate diameter on the locomotor performance of arboreal quadrupeds. The influence of substrate compliance, however, has been mostly unexamined. Here, we used a multifactorial experimental design to investigate how perturbations in both diameter and compliance affect the gait kinematics of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus; N=2) moving over simulated arboreal substrates. We used 3D-calibrated video to quantify marmoset locomotion over a horizontal trackway consisting of variably sized poles (5, 2.5 and 1.25 cm in diameter), analyzing a total of 120 strides. The central portion of the trackway was either immobile or mounted on compliant foam blocks, depending on condition. We found that narrowing diameter and increasing compliance were both associated with relatively longer substrate contact durations, though adjustments to diameter were often inconsistent relative to compliance-related adjustments. Marmosets also responded to narrowing diameter by reducing speed, flattening center of mass (CoM) movements and dampening support displacement on the compliant substrate. For the subset of strides on the compliant support, we found that speed, contact duration and CoM amplitude explained \textgreater60% of the variation in substrate displacement over a stride, suggesting a direct performance advantage to these kinematic adjustments. Overall, our results show that compliant substrates can exert a significant influence on gait kinematics. Substrate compliance, and not just support diameter, should be considered a critical environmental variable when evaluating locomotor performance in arboreal quadrupeds.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.140939" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1242/jeb.140939</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
*Balance
*Branch stiffness
*Fine branch niche
*locomotion
*Stability
2016
Animals
Biomechanical Phenomena
Callithrix/*physiology
Chadwell Brad A
Compliance
Computer-Assisted
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Forelimb/physiology
Gait/*physiology
Hindlimb/physiology
Image Processing
Male
NEOMED College of Medicine
Stricklen Bethany M
The Journal of experimental biology
Video Recording
Young Jesse W