Immunoreactivity Of Bufo-marinus Heart For Atrial-natriuretic-factor
amphibian; atrial natriuretic factor; body; factor anf; frog-heart; heart; immunohistochemistry; localization; peptide; ventricles; water regulation; Zoology
Gilloteaux J
Belgian Journal of Zoology
1991
1991-12
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Pomegranate Bioactive Constituents Suppress Cell Proliferation and Induce Apoptosis in an Experimental Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Role of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway.
Immunohistochemistry; Gene Expression; Apoptosis; Rats; Pomegranate; Post Hoc Analysis; One-Way Analysis of Variance; Structural Equation Modeling; Experimental Studies; Protocols; Carcinoma; Blotting; Western; Hepatocellular; Animal Studies; In Vivo Studies
Bhatia Deepak; Thoppil Roslin J; Mandal Animesh; Samtani Karishma A; Darvesh Altaf S; Bishayee Anupam
Evidence-based Complementary & Alternative Medicine (eCAM)
2013
2013-01
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1155/2013/371813" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1155/2013/371813</a>
Overexpression of beta-catenin and cyclinD1 predicts a poor prognosis in ovarian serous carcinomas.
Adult; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Aged; Young Adult; Immunohistochemistry; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Up-Regulation; Biomarkers; beta-catenin; beta Catenin/analysis/*biosynthesis; Cyclin D1/analysis/*biosynthesis; cyclinD1; Ovarian Neoplasms/*metabolism/mortality/pathology; ovarian serous carcinoma; prognosis; Cystadenocarcinoma; Serous/*metabolism/mortality/pathology; Tumor/*analysis
UNLABELLED: Ovarian serous cancer is the most common subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer, and is the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancer. There is an important need for exploration of diagnostic and prognostic markers for this disease. beta-catenin and cyclinD1 play central roles in the tumorigenesis for certain cancers. The role of beta-catenin and cyclinD1 in diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian serous carcinoma is uncertain. In the present study, the expression of beta-catenin and cyclinD1 was examined in 60 ovarian serous carcinomas patients with immunohistochemical staining. The relationship between expression of beta-catenin and cyclinD1 and FIGO stage, pathological grade was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival function was used to analyze the prognosis. Overexpression of beta-catenin is more often detected in patients with FIGO stage III and IV than in those with stage I, and II (P=0.003). No significant relationship was found between expression of beta-catenin and pathological grade (P=0.817). Positive expression of beta-catenin related to lower survival rate (P=0.034). The expression of cyclinD1 had no relationship with FIGO stage (P=0.829). Overexpression of cyclinD1 was positively to pathological grade (P=0.017) and survival rate (P=0.009). There is a significantly positive relationship between expression of beta-catenin and cyclinD1 (P=0.014). No statistical significance was found between expression of beta-catenin and cyclinD1 and other pathological parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of beta-catenin and cyclinD1 may be used as predict markers for poor prognosis.
Wang Hai; Wang Haiyan; Makki Mohammad Shahidul; Wen Juanjuan; Dai Yingqing; Shi Qunli; Liu Qi; Zhou Xiaojun; Wang Jiandong
International journal of clinical and experimental pathology
2014
1905-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Projections from the medial agranular cortex to brain stem visuomotor centers in rats.
Female; Male; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Rats; Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish Peroxidase Conjugate; Horseradish Peroxidase; Wheat Germ Agglutinins; Brain Stem/*cytology; Cerebral Cortex/*cytology; Phytohemagglutinins; Visual Pathways/*anatomy & histology; Inbred Strains
Projections from medial agranular cortex to brain stem in rat were determined by use of the anterograde tracers Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase. Axonal trajectories were also followed by means of the Wiitanen modification of the Fink-Heimer degeneration technique. AGm was identified on the basis of its cytoarchitectonics. AGm projected to the anterior pretectal nucleus, the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, the medial accessory oculomotor nucleus of Bechterew, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, the nucleus cuneiformis and subcuneiformis, intermediate and deep superior collicular layers, the paramedian pontine reticular formation (reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis, and reticularis gigantocellularis), and raphe centralis superior. Differences in connections between rostral and caudal injections were observed: pontine and medullary projections were lighter from the rostral portion of AGm than from the more caudal portions of AGm. The heaviest projections to the anterior pretectal nucleus were from the caudal portion of AGm. The subcortical projections were very similar to those described for the frontal eye field in monkeys, and the majority of them targeted areas thought to be involved in coordination of gaze with head and neck movements. Thus AGm in rats may contain the homologue of the primate frontal eye fields.
Stuesse S L; Newman D B
Experimental brain research
1990
1990
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/bf00227994" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/bf00227994</a>
Distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase- and serotonin-immunoreactive cells in the central nervous system of the thornback guitarfish, Platyrhinoidis triseriata.
Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/*metabolism; Serotonin/*metabolism; Fishes/*metabolism; Central Nervous System/cytology/*metabolism
Brainstem reticular nuclei of amniotes (mammals, birds and reptiles) may share a common phylogenetic origin as demonstrated by their many shared features (hodology, cytoarchitectonics, presence of neurochemicals). By studying characteristics of these nuclei in outgroups of amniotes, we hope to obtain clues about the phylogeny of the reticular formation. In this paper we report the distribution of immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and serotonin (5-HT) in the brain of an elasmobranch, the thornback guitarfish, Platyrhinoidis triseriata. Our working hypothesis is that if morphologically and immunohistochemically similar cell groups are present, they are homologous to cell groups in amniotes. Thus we have used mammalian terminology. The dorsal and lateral pallium of the telencephalon and many diencephalic nuclei contained TH+ cells. In the mesencephalon, TH+ cell groups were located in raphe linearis, the ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra. The rhombencephalon contained TH+ cells in a putative locus coeruleus (A6), and a subcoeruleus group. Probable A5, A2/C2 and A1/C1 groups were also located. A few 5-HT+ cells were located in the telencephalon and many were found in the diencephalon. In the mesencephalon,
Stuesse S L; Cruce W L; Northcutt R G
Journal of chemical neuroanatomy
1990
1990-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Squamous cell carcinoma arising from chronic osteomyelitis of the patella.
Adult; Humans; Male; Chronic Disease; Immunohistochemistry; Follow-Up Studies; Biopsy; Risk Assessment; Amputation/methods; Osteomyelitis/*complications/*pathology; Patella/*pathology; Skin Neoplasms/etiology/*pathology/surgery; Carcinoma; Needle; Cell Transformation; Neoplastic/*pathology; Squamous Cell/etiology/*pathology/surgery
Patel Nilesh M; Weiner Scott D; Senior Mark
Orthopedics
2002
2002-03
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Estrogen receptor-alpha and beta- immunoreactivity and mRNA in neurons of sensory and autonomic ganglia and spinal cord.
Female; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Rats; Tissue Distribution; Ovariectomy; Spinal Cord/cytology/*metabolism; In Situ Hybridization; Estrogen Receptor alpha; Uterus/innervation; Estrogen Receptor beta; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/metabolism; Neurons/cytology/*metabolism; Nodose Ganglion/cytology/metabolism; Ganglia; Sprague-Dawley; Receptors; RNA; Messenger/*metabolism; Autonomic/cytology/*metabolism; Drug/metabolism; Estrogen/*analysis/immunology; Sensory/cytology/*metabolism; Spinal/cytology/metabolism
Estrogen receptor-alpha immunoreactivity and mRNAs are present in neurons in locales that innervate genital organs, e.g., parasympathetic pelvic autonomic ganglia, sensory dorsal root and nodose ganglia, and autonomic areas of the lumbosacral spinal cord. With the availability of probes for the beta-isoform of the estrogen receptor, we studied this receptor in autonomic, sensory, and spinal cord neurons and compared it with the distribution of the alpha-receptor. Estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta immunoreactivity were located in the nuclei of neurons, were in subpopulations of parasympathetic neurons in pelvic ganglia, and sensory neurons of dorsal root and nodose ganglia. Both receptor subtypes were present in the lumbosacral spinal cord: in neurons of the outer laminae of the dorsal horn, lateral collateral and medial collateral pathways, sacral parasympathetic nucleus, dorsal intermediate gray, and lamina X. Similar numbers of spinal cord neurons were immunoreactive for estrogen receptor-beta and estrogen receptor-alpha. However, estrogen receptor-beta-immunoreactive neurons appeared less numerous in the outer dorsal horn, but more numerous in the deeper layers of the spinal cord than estrogen receptor-alpha neurons. Retrograde tracing from the uterus revealed "uterine-related" neurons in dorsal root and pelvic ganglia that contained estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta. In situ hybridization revealed both estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta mRNA transcripts in sensory neurons of the dorsal root and nodose ganglia, parasympathetic neurons of pelvic ganglia, and spinal cord neurons in the dorsal horn, sacral parasympathetic nucleus, and dorsal intermediate gray of L6-S1 segments. These studies show that both estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta are synthesized by autonomic and sensory neurons in parts of the nervous system that have connections with the female reproductive system. Such neurons contain neurotransmitters that have important functions in the female reproductive organs; thus, it is likely that estrogen can influence the activity of such neurons and consequently, through them, the activities of the reproductive organs.
Papka R E; Storey-Workley M; Shughrue P J; Merchenthaler I; Collins J J; Usip S; Saunders P T; Shupnik M
Cell and tissue research
2001
2001-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Ultrastructural aspects of atrium development: demonstration of endocardial discontinuities and immunolabeling of atrial natriuretic factor in the Syrian hamster.
Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Cricetinae; Microscopy; Atrial Natriuretic Factor/*analysis; Endocardium/analysis/*embryology/ultrastructure; Endothelium/analysis/embryology/ultrastructure; Heart Atria/analysis/embryology/ultrastructure; Electron
The endocardium ultrastructure of 13 embryonic day old hamsters was examined, especially in relationship with the atrial myocytes. The endothelial morphology was described, including the junctional attachments and their relationships with subjacent atrial myocytes. Characteristic atrial myocytes organelles were identified: myofibrils, atrial granules, lipidic inclusions, and polysomes. Immunogold labeling demonstrated that atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-containing granules were already present in the differentiating cardiomyocytes, even before the myofibrils were completely organized. At this stage of development, while the endothelium was a narrow barrier between the blood and the cardiomyocytes, it displayed fenestrations, but also epithelial discontinuities. In addition it also contains immunoreactive-ANF products. In light of the current knowledge about ANF processing it was proposed that the endocardium lining could be an obligated passageway for transport or activating proANF into ANF before its release into the blood stream. In addition the endocardial gaps could suggest that, until about 13 to 14 days of fetal development, heart atrial tissue could be more susceptible to the effects of pathogenetic compounds than in a later state of development.
Gilloteaux J
Anatomy and embryology
1989
1989
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/bf00326587" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/bf00326587</a>
Light and electron microscopical immunolocalization of neuropeptide Y-containing nerves in the hamster gallbladder.
Male; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Cricetinae; Norepinephrine/metabolism; Mesocricetus; Microscopy; Gallbladder/chemistry/*innervation; Nerve Fibers/*chemistry; Neuropeptide Y/*analysis; Electron; Immunoelectron
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing nerve structures were detected in the Syrian hamster gallbladder by using peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical staining and immunoelectron microscopic techniques. In addition, Alcian blue-P.A.S. was used to differentiate two types of surface cells in the epithelium of the gallbladder: the columnar cells and the tuft cells.
Gilloteaux J; Pomerants B J; Kelly T R; Menu R; Pelletier G; Vanderhaeghen J J
Biological structures and morphogenesis
1990
1905-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
The re-expression of two myosin heavy chains in regenerated rat muscle spindles.
Female; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Rats; *Gene Expression Regulation; *Regeneration; Muscle Denervation; Myosins/*metabolism; Muscles/innervation/*metabolism; Neurons; Afferent/*physiology; Inbred F344
The vascular supply and tendons of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of two adult rats were unilaterally severed and the muscles were allowed to regenerate for 40 days. Serial frozen sections of muscle grafts were cut and stained for enzymes that delineated fiber type, sensory endings and motor endings. MF30 and ALD58, two antibodies which react only to intrafusal fibers in normal rat muscle, were reacted against sections of nerve-intact muscle grafts. Data were compared to that from muscles of normal rats. Encapsulated fibers devoid of sensory innervation and some extrafusal fibers in muscle grafts had a weak to moderate reaction to MF30, but no reaction to ALD58. Regenerated, encapsulated fibers with sensory innervation bound both MF30 and ALD58. These data indicate that afferents which reinnervate regenerated spindles retain the capacity to induce expression of spindle-specific myosin isoforms in rats.
Fei C; Walro J M
Neuroscience letters
1989
1989-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(89)90142-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0304-3940(89)90142-0</a>
Contributions of paleorheumatology to understanding contemporary disease.
Humans; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Body Temperature; Phylogeny; Osteoarthritis/pathology; Radiography; Fossils; Bone Remodeling; DNA; DNA/genetics/isolation & purification; *Paleopathology/instrumentation/methods; *Rheumatology; Bone and Bones/chemistry/diagnostic imaging/immunology; Bone Diseases/*pathology; Collagen/immunology/isolation & purification; Dinosaurs; Gout/pathology; Joint Diseases/*pathology; Mammals; Microscopy/methods; Rheumatic Diseases/pathology; Imaging; Arthritis; Three-Dimensional; Sequence Analysis; Infectious/pathology; Reactive/pathology
As paleopathology has evolved from observational speculation to analysis of testable hypotheses, so too has recognition of its contribution to vertebrate paleontology. In the presence of significant structural and density variation (between matrix and osseous structures), x-rays provide an additional perspective of osseous response to stress and disease. As film techniques are time and cost expensive, fluoroscopy has proven a valuable alternative. Radiologic techniques also allow non-invasive "sectioning" of specimens, illustrating significant internal detail. The object can be "split" on a plane and the two portions rotated to "open" the image. This three-dimensional approach now can be applied to other forms of sequential data to their facilitate 3-dimensional representation graphically or with solid representations. Antigen and microstructure may be well preserved in fossils. Molecular preservation with retention of helical structure and sensitivity to collagenase has been demonstrated in 10,000 year old collagen. Antigen has been extracted from 100 million year old bone and documented, in situ, in 11,000 year old bone. If the appropriate site in the tissue is assessed, if antigen is still present, and if the appropriate antisera is utilized, fixation of the antibody to the specimen can be detected. Minute amounts of DNA can be amplified and analyzed. Recovery of DNA from a 40,000 year old mammoth, 17,000 year old bison and from 25 million year old insects provides opportunity for cloning and independent assessment of relationships. Implications of available technology focuses direction for development of collaborative approaches.
Rothschild B
Reumatismo
2002
2002-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.4081/reumatismo.2002.272" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.4081/reumatismo.2002.272</a>
Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. displays anti-inflammatory responses during chemically induced rat mammary tumorigenesis through simultaneous and differential regulation of NF-kappaB and Nrf2 signaling pathways.
Female; Animals; Signal Transduction/*drug effects; Immunohistochemistry; Rats; Up-Regulation/drug effects; NF-kappa B/*metabolism; Aizoaceae/*chemistry/metabolism; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry/isolation & purification/*pharmacology; Breast Neoplasms/chemically induced/metabolism/pathology; Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism; HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/*metabolism; Plant Extracts/chemistry; Sprague-Dawley; 10-Dimethyl-1; 9; Plant Components; 2-benzanthracene/toxicity; Aerial/chemistry/metabolism
Trianthema portulacastrum, a medicinal and dietary plant, has gained substantial importance due to its various pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic activities. We have recently reported that a characterized T. portulacastrum extract (TPE) affords a considerable chemoprevention of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis though the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. The objective of this study was to investigate anti-inflammatory mechanisms of TPE during DMBA mammary carcinogenesis in rats by monitoring cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Mammary tumors were harvested from our previous study in which TPE (50-200 mg/kg) was found to inhibit mammary tumorigenesis in a dose-response manner. The expressions of intratumor COX-2, HSP90, NF-kappaB, inhibitory kappaB-alpha (IkappaBalpha) and Nrf2 were determined by immunohistochemistry. TPE downregulated the expression of COX-2 and HSP90, blocked the degradation of IkappaBalpha, hampered the translocation of NF-kappaB from cytosol to nucleus and upregulated the expression and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 during DMBA mammary carcinogenesis. These results in conjunction with our previous findings suggest that TPE prevents DMBA-induced breast neoplasia by anti-inflammatory mechanisms mediated through simultaneous and differential modulation of two interconnected molecular circuits, namely NF-kappaB and Nrf2 signaling pathways.
Mandal Animesh; Bishayee Anupam
International journal of molecular sciences
2015
2015-01
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16022426" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.3390/ijms16022426</a>
Focal ellipsoid deposits in the atrial myocytes of Syrian hamster.
Female; Male; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Cricetinae; Mesocricetus; Heart Atria/metabolism/*ultrastructure; Inclusion Bodies/metabolism/*ultrastructure; Microscopy; Immunoelectron
A peculiar hyaline sarcoplasmic inclusion in the atrial myocytes of old female Syrian hamsters is described. This type of inclusion resembles that described in rare human cardiomyopathy. They have also been described in other rodents and have been speculated eventually to contain atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). The present study demonstrated that they are fibrillar in nature, however, and do not contain ANF-immunoreactive product. Because their morphologic aspect is analogous to that described in human heart and in the pathology of other contractile tissues, it is suggested that they probably consist of intermediate filaments and/or associated macromolecules.
Gilloteaux J; Jennes L; Stoeckel M E; Vanderhaeghen J J
Ultrastructural pathology
1994
1994-04
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.3109/01913129409016293" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.3109/01913129409016293</a>
Characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the uterine cervix over pregnancy: effects of denervation and implications for cervical ripening.
Female; Animals; Immunohistochemistry; Pregnancy; Rats; Microcirculation; Phosphorylation; Down-Regulation; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Cervical Ripening/*metabolism; Cervix Uteri/blood supply/innervation/*metabolism; Denervation; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis; Protein Isoforms/biosynthesis/metabolism; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/biosynthesis; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/biosynthesis/*metabolism; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/biosynthesis; Wistar; Animal/*metabolism
Bilateral neurectomy of the pelvic nerve (BLPN) that carries uterine cervix-related sensory nerves induces dystocia, and administration of its vasoactive neuropeptides induces changes in the cervical microvasculature, resembling those that occur in the ripening cervix. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that (a) the cervix of pregnant rats expresses vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and components of the angiogenic signaling pathway [VEGF receptors (Flt-1, KDR), activity of protein kinase B, Akt (phosphorylated Akt), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)] and von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and that these molecules undergo changes with pregnancy, and (b) bilateral pelvic neurectomy (BLPN) alters levels of VEGF concentration in the cervix. Using RT-PCR and sequencing, two VEGF isoforms, 120 and 164, were identified in the rat cervix. VEGF, VEGF receptor-1 (Flt-1), eNOS, and vWF immunoreactivities (ir) were localized in the microvasculature of cervical stroma. Their protein levels increased during pregnancy but decreased to control levels by 2 days postpartum. VEGF receptor-2 (KDR)-ir was confined to the epithelium of the endocervix. BLPN downregulated levels of VEGF by a third. Therefore, the components of the angiogenic signaling pathway are expressed in the cervix and change over pregnancy. Furthermore, angiogenic and sensory neuronal factors may be important in regulating the dynamic microvasculature in the ripening cervix and may subsequently play a role in cervical ripening and the birth process.
Mowa C N; Jesmin S; Sakuma I; Usip S; Togashi H; Yoshioka M; Hattori Y; Papka R
The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society
2004
2004-12
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1369/jhc.4A6455.2004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1369/jhc.4A6455.2004</a>
Quantification of vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivity in the anterior pituitary glands of intact male and female, ovariectomized, and estradiol benzoate-treated rats.
*Ovariectomy; Animals; Anterior/*chemistry/drug effects/metabolism; Diestrus; Estradiol/*pharmacology; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Inbred Strains; Male; Pituitary Gland; Prolactin/blood/metabolism; Rats; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/*analysis/metabolism
There are considerable data suggesting that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is involved in the regulation of PRL secretion; however, the role and cell of origin of anterior pituitary VIP remain to be determined. Immunocytochemical (ICC) studies have generally failed to detect VIP-immunoreactive (IR) cells in the pituitary of the untreated rat, although VIP-IR cells have been observed in the pituitaries of hypothyroid or estrogen-treated rats. This study was designed to examine the cellular distribution and tissue content of VIP in the anterior pituitary gland of rats under selected endocrine conditions known to alter the rates of PRL and VIP synthesis and secretion. To this end, anterior pituitary VIP and PRL content (ICC and RIA) and serum PRL levels were determined in ovariectomized (OVX) and OVX rats 3 days after treatment with 7 or 70 micrograms estradiol benzoate (EB). For comparison, pituitary VIP and PRL content (ICC and RIA) and serum PRL levels in untreated male and diestrous female rats were determined. Immunostaining for VIP was accomplished using a newly developed primary antiserum. Significant numbers of VIP-IR cells per 5-microns section were found in the anterior pituitary glands of all animals examined (275 +/- 33 in diestrous to 481 +/- 103 cells in male rats). VIP was not colocalized with PRL in any of the pituitaries regardless of steroid treatment or sex. Furthermore, the number of VIP-IR cells per pituitary gland was not significantly correlated with sex or EB treatment. Treatment with 70 micrograms, but not 7 micrograms, EB significantly increased the pituitary content of VIP and serum PRL levels compared to those after ovariectomy. However, both EB treatments resulted in a significant increase in pituitary PRL content compared to that in untreated OVX rats. Pituitaries from male rats had several-fold more VIP and less PRL content than pituitaries from diestrous rats. These data show that 1) in contrast to previous ICC studies, VIP-IR cells are readily detected in the anterior pituitary of intact male and female and OVX as well as EB-treated rats; 2) VIP is localized to cells other than lactotrophs, regardless of the steroid background; and 3) marked changes in anterior pituitary VIP content are not accompanied by changes in VIP-IR cell number.
Carrillo A J; Phelps C J
Endocrinology
1992
1992-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1210/endo.131.2.1639033" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1210/endo.131.2.1639033</a>
Iron localization in superficial siderosis of the central nervous system.
Astrocytes/chemistry/ultrastructure; Brain Chemistry; Brain Diseases/metabolism/*pathology; Brain/pathology/ultrastructure; Confocal; Electron; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Iron/*analysis; Macrophages/chemistry; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Microscopy; Middle Aged; Mitochondria/chemistry/ultrastructure; Neurons/chemistry; Oligodendroglia/chemistry/ultrastructure; Siderosis/*metabolism/*pathology; Spinal Cord Diseases/*pathology/physiopathology; Spinal Cord/chemistry/pathology/ultrastructure; Transmission
Originally conceived as an uncommon disorder, with the advent of MRI, CNS superficial siderosis has been observed more frequently. We present histologic, histochemical, immunohistochemical, immunofluorescent and ultrastructural evaluation of a 56-year-old woman with superficial siderosis. Iron was concentrated in macrophages, superficial astrocytes and gray matter oligodendroglia deep within the cord. While spatially associated with dystrophic glial and neuronal spheroids, iron did not colocalize with mitochondria. Neurotoxic effects were observed despite selective iron localization only within a variety of non-neuronal cell types.
Kellermier Harry; Wang Guoji; Wiley Clayton
Neuropathology : official journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology
2009
2009-04
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00943.x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00943.x</a>
Real-time ultrasound elasticity of the breast: initial clinical results.
*Elasticity Imaging Techniques; *Image Processing; Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Breast; Breast – Pathology; Breast Diseases/diagnostic imaging/pathology; Breast Neoplasms – Diagnosis; Breast Neoplasms/*diagnostic imaging/*pathology; Computer-Assisted; Data Analysis Software; Diagnosis; Differential; Elasticity; Equipment and Supplies; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Mammary/*methods; Middle Aged; Needle; Ohio; Sensitivity and Specificity; Ultrasonography
PURPOSE: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of a real-time elasticity imaging (EI) ultrasound (US) system in the characterization of breast lesions as benign or malignant. METHODS: A total of 208 patients with 251 lesions were scheduled to undergo a US-guided breast biopsy for a mass identified on B-mode US, and each received a real-time elasticity image of the lesion before the biopsy. The lesion size measurements were obtained, and the EI/B-mode size ratio was obtained. The pathology report was obtained and correlated with the EI/B-mode ratio. An EI/B-mode ratio equal to or greater than 1 was considered malignant lesion, whereas EI/B-mode ratios of less than 1 were considered benign. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 251 lesions biopsied, 197 were pathologically benign, and 54 were malignant. Of the 54 malignant lesions, all had an EI/B-mode ratio equal to or greater than 1. Of the 197 benign lesions, 187 had an EI/B-mode ratio of less than 1. Ten benign lesions had an EI/B-mode ratio of greater than 1. The benign lesions that had an EI/B-mode ratio of greater than 1 were lesions with dense fibrosis, and in addition, a characteristic artifact was identified, which was visualized in all simple and complex cysts. The results correspond with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 95%, a positive predictive value of 84%, and a negative predictive value of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Initial results of a real-time EI system for characterization of breast lesions suggest this technique can provide significant new diagnostic information. As a result, this information may significantly improve the ability to select patients for breast biopsy, resulting in a reduction in the number of benign breast biopsies.
Barr Richard G
Ultrasound quarterly
2010
2010-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/RUQ.0b013e3181dc7ce4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/RUQ.0b013e3181dc7ce4</a>
Gastric Lipoma: A Review of the Literature.
Aged; Biopsy; Doppler – Methods; Doppler/methods; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gastrectomy – Methods; Gastrectomy/methods; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lipoma; Lipoma – Pathology; Lipoma – Surgery; Lipoma/*diagnostic imaging/*pathology/surgery; Magnetic Resonance Imaging – Methods; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods; Multidetector Computed Tomography – Methods; Multidetector Computed Tomography/methods; Needle; Prospective Studies; Stomach Neoplasms; Stomach Neoplasms – Pathology; Stomach Neoplasms – Surgery; Stomach Neoplasms/*diagnostic imaging/*pathology/surgery; Treatment Outcome; Treatment Outcomes; Ultrasonography
Gastric lipoma is a rare benign tumor of the stomach. The imaging characteristics are diagnostic because the lesion has fat attenuation on computed tomography and demonstrates characteristics of fat on magnetic resonance images. On ultrasound, the lesion can be identified as a lesion hypoechoic to the gastric mucosa that is soft, but the mass cannot be displaced with compression. Identifying these imaging characteristics can prevent biopsy or surgery in asymptomatic patients. Although this lesion is benign, it can cause gastric obstruction.
Chagarlamudi Kaushik; DeVita Robert; Barr Richard G
Ultrasound quarterly
2018
2018-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/RUQ.0000000000000338" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/RUQ.0000000000000338</a>
Melanotic schwannoma. An unusual case of an ossified soft tissue mass.
Adult; Biopsy; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis; Differential; Female; Heterotopic/*diagnosis/pathology/surgery; Hip; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Muscle Neoplasms/*diagnosis/pathology/surgery; Myositis Ossificans/diagnosis; Neurilemmoma/*diagnosis/pathology/surgery; Ossification; Soft Tissue Neoplasms/*diagnosis/pathology/surgery
A case of a melanotic schwannoma presenting as a soft tissue mass of the abductors of the hip is reported. The radiographic findings suggested myositis ossificans, but several subtle findings raised the concern for something else. A bilobed appearance, lack of classic zoning pattern of the ossification, and atypical pain pattern should alert the physician. Biopsy should be considered if the radiographic and clinical presentations are not classic for myositis ossificans.
Junko J T; Agamanolis D; Weiner S D
Clinical orthopaedics and related research
1999
1999-12
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199912000-00031" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/00003086-199912000-00031</a>
Characterization of ex vivo-generated bovine and human cartilage by immunohistochemical, biochemical, and magnetic resonance imaging analyses.
Aged; Animals; Articular/drug effects/growth & development/*metabolism; Cartilage; Cattle; Cell Proliferation/drug effects; Collagen Type II/metabolism; Culture Media/pharmacology; Cytokines/pharmacology; Glycosaminoglycans/metabolism; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Middle Aged; Tissue Engineering/*methods
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent age-associated disease involving altered chondrocyte homeostasis and cartilage degeneration. The avascular nature of cartilage and the altered chondrocyte phenotype characteristic of OA severely limit the capacity for in vivo tissue regeneration. Cell- and tissue-based repair has the potential to revolutionize treatment of OA, but those approaches have exhibited limited clinical success to date. In this study, we test the hypothesis that bovine and human chondrocytes in a collagen type I scaffold will form hyaline cartilage ex vivo with immunohistochemical, biochemical, and magnetic resonance (MR) endpoints similar to the original native cartilage. Chondrocytes were isolated from 1- to 3-week-old calf knee cartilage or from cartilage obtained from human total knee arthroplasties, suspended in 2.7 mg/mL collagen I, and plated as 300 microL spot cultures with 5 x 10(6) each. Medium formulations were varied, including the amount of serum, the presence or absence of ascorbate, and treatments with cytokines. Bovine chondrocytes generated metachromatic territorial and interstitial matrix and accumulated type II collagen over time. Type VI collagen was confined primarily to the pericellular region. The ex vivo-formed bovine cartilage contained more chondroitin sulfate per dry weight than native cartilage. Human chondrocytes remained viable and generated metachromatic territorial matrix, but were unable to support interstitial matrix accumulation. MR analysis of ex vivo-formed bovine cartilage revealed evidence of progressively maturing matrix, but MR-derived indices of tissue quality did not reach those of native cartilage. We conclude that the collagen-spot culture model supports formation and maturation of three-dimensional hyaline cartilage from active bovine chondrocytes. Future studies will focus on determining the capacity of human chondrocytes to show comparable tissue formation.
Nugent Ashleigh E; Reiter David A; Fishbein Kenneth W; McBurney Denise L; Murray Travis; Bartusik Dorota; Ramaswamy Sharan; Spencer Richard G; Horton Walter E Jr
Tissue engineering. Part A
2010
2010-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEA.2009.0717" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1089/ten.TEA.2009.0717</a>
Altered Neuroinflammation and Behavior after Traumatic Brain Injury in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.
Alzheimer Disease/etiology/*metabolism/pathology; Alzheimer's disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*metabolism; Animal; Animal/physiology; Animals; Behavior; Blotting; Brain Injuries; Brain/*metabolism/pathology; Disease Models; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Inbred C57BL; Inflammation/*metabolism/pathology; macrophage; Mice; neuroinflammation; Transgenic; traumatic brain injury; Traumatic/complications/*metabolism/*pathology; Western
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has acute and chronic sequelae, including an increased risk for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). TBI-associated neuroinflammation is characterized by activation of brain-resident microglia and infiltration of monocytes; however, recent studies have implicated beta-amyloid as a major manipulator of the inflammatory response. To examine neuroinflammation after TBI and development of AD-like features, these studies examined the effects of TBI in the presence and absence of beta-amyloid. The R1.40 mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis was used, with a focus on time points well before robust AD pathologies. Unexpectedly, in R1.40 mice, the acute neuroinflammatory response to TBI was strikingly muted, with reduced numbers of CNS myeloid cells acquiring a macrophage phenotype and decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines. At chronic time points, macrophage activation substantially declined in non-Tg TBI mice; however, it was relatively unchanged in R1.40 TBI mice. The persistent inflammatory response coincided with significant tissue loss between 3 and 120 days post-injury in R1.40 TBI mice, which was not observed in non-Tg TBI mice. Surprisingly, inflammatory cytokine expression was enhanced in R1.40 mice compared with non-Tg mice, regardless of injury group. Although R1.40 TBI mice demonstrated task-specific deficits in cognition, overall functional recovery was similar to non-Tg TBI mice. These findings suggest that accumulating beta-amyloid leads to an altered post-injury macrophage response at acute and chronic time points. Together, these studies emphasize the role of post-injury neuroinflammation in regulating long-term sequelae after TBI and also support recent studies implicating beta-amyloid as an immunomodulator.
Kokiko-Cochran Olga N; Ransohoff Lena; Veenstra Mike; Lee Sungho; Saber Maha; Sikora Matt; Teknipp Ryan; Xu Guixiang; Bemiller Shane M; Wilson Gina; Crish Samuel; Bhaskar Kiran; Lee Yu-Shang; Ransohoff Richard M; Lamb Bruce T
Journal of neurotrauma
2016
2016-04
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2015.3970" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1089/neu.2015.3970</a>
Effect of aging on the substance P receptor, NK-1, in the spinal cord of rats with peripheral nerve injury.
*Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Aging/*physiology; Animals; Computer-Assisted; Hot Temperature; Image Processing; Immunohistochemistry; Inbred BN; Inbred F344; Neurokinin-1/*metabolism; Rats; Receptors; Spinal Cord/*metabolism; Thermosensing/physiology; Touch/physiology
Substance P (SP) levels in the spinal cords of very old rats are less than the levels in younger rats (Bergman et al., 1996). After injury to a peripheral nerve in young rats, immunoreactivity (ir) to the SP receptor, NK-1 (neurokinin-1), increases in the spinal cord ipsilateral to the injury and the increases are correlated with the development of thermal hyperalgesia (Goff et al., 1998). Thus we postulated that aged rats might display an increased sensitivity to thermal stimulation before peripheral nerve injury and that they might respond differently to injury than do younger rats. To test this hypothesis, we used the Bennett and Xie model (1988) of chronic constriction injury (CCI) to the sciatic nerve to induce a neuropathic pain condition. We investigated the effect of age on changes in NK-1 ir in superficial layers of the dorsal horn and on numbers of NK ir cells in deeper laminae at the L4-L5 levels of the spinal cord after CCI.
Cruce W L; Lovell J A; Crisp T; Stuesse S L
Somatosensory & Motor Research
2001
2001
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/08990220020021366" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1080/08990220020021366</a>
Pomegranate exerts chemoprevention of experimentally induced mammary tumorigenesis by suppression of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis.
*Punicaceae/chemistry; 10-Dimethyl-1; 2-benzanthracene; 9; Animal Studies; Animals; Anticarcinogenic Agents/*therapeutic use; Apoptosis; Apoptosis/*drug effects; Breast Neoplasms – Mortality; Breast Neoplasms – Prevention and Control; Breast Neoplasms – Risk Factors; Cell Physiology; Cell Proliferation/*drug effects; Diet – Evaluation; Experimental/pathology/*prevention & control; Female; Funding Source; Gene Expression Regulation; Genes; Human; Immunohistochemistry; Mammary Neoplasms; Mutation; National Institutes of Health (U.S.); Neoplasms – Prevention and Control; Phytotherapy; Pomegranate; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/analysis; Rats; Sprague-Dawley; Tamoxifen; United States
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in women in the United States and discovery and development of safe chemopreventive drugs is urgently needed. The fruit pomegranate (Punica granatum) is gaining importance because of its various health benefits. This study was initiated to investigate chemopreventive potential of a pomegranate emulsion (PE) against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) rat mammary carcinogenesis. The animals were orally administered with PE (0.2-5.0 g/kg), starting 2 wk before and 16 wk following DMBA treatment. PE exhibited a striking reduction of DMBA-induced mammary tumor incidence, total tumor burden, and reversed histopathological changes. PE dose-dependently suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in mammary tumors. Immunohistochemical studies showed that PE increased intratumor Bax, decreased Bcl2 and manifested a proapoptotic shift in Bax/Bcl2 ratio. In addition, our gene expression study showed PE-mediated upregulation of Bad, caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-9, poly (ADP ribose) polymerase and cytochrome c in mammary tumors. Thus, PE exerts chemoprevention of mammary carcinogenesis by suppressing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis mediated through upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl2 in concert with caspase cascades. Pomegranate bioactive phytoconstituents could be developed as a chemopreventive drug to reduce the risk of breast cancer.
Bishayee Anupam; Mandal Animesh; Bhattacharyya Piyali; Bhatia Deepak
Nutrition and cancer
2016
1905-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2016.1115094" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1080/01635581.2016.1115094</a>
Substance P in the uterine cervix, dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord during pregnancy and the effect of estrogen on SP synthesis.
Afferent/metabolism; Animals; Cervix Uteri/cytology/*metabolism; Down-Regulation; Estradiol/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology; Estrogen/antagonists & inhibitors; Estrogens/*pharmacology; Female; Fulvestrant; Ganglia; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Messenger/genetics/metabolism; Neurons; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy/*metabolism; Radioimmunoassay; Rats; Receptors; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA; Spinal Cord/cytology/*metabolism; Spinal/cytology/*metabolism; Sprague-Dawley; Substance P/*biosynthesis/genetics/metabolism; Up-Regulation
Prior to parturition the non-pliable uterine cervix undergoes a ripening process ("softens" and dilates) to allow a timely passage of the fetus at term. The exact mechanism(s) triggering and involved in cervical ripening are unknown, though evidence for a role for sensory neurons and their contained neuropeptides is emerging. Moreover, an apparent increase in neuropeptide immunoreactive nerves occurs in the cervix during pregnancy, maternal serum estrogen levels rise at term and uterine cervix-related L6-S1 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons express estrogen receptor (ER) and neuropeptides. Thus, we sought to test the hypothesis that the neuropeptide substance P (SP) changes biosynthesis and release over pregnancy, that estrogen, acting via the ER pathway, increases synthesis of SP in DRG, and that SP is utilized in cervical ripening at late pregnancy. Using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and radioimmunoassay (RIA), we investigated coexpression of ER-alpha/beta and SP; differential expression of
Mowa C N; Usip S; Storey-Workley M; Amann R; Papka R
Peptides
2003
2003-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-9781(03)00120-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/s0196-9781(03)00120-7</a>
Sensory nerves and neuropeptides in uterine cervical ripening.
Animal; Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/biosynthesis; Capsaicin/pharmacology; Cervical Ripening/*metabolism; Cervix Uteri/*innervation/*metabolism; Complementary/metabolism; Female; Genetic; Immunohistochemistry; Labor; Messenger/metabolism; Neurokinin-1/biosynthesis; Neurons/metabolism; Neuropeptides/*biosynthesis; Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis; Obstetric; Plasmids/metabolism; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Rats; Receptors; RNA; Secretogranin II; Sprague-Dawley; Substance P/biosynthesis; Transcription
At the time of parturition (fetal delivery) the uterine cervix must "ripen," becoming soft, pliable, and dilated to accommodate the fetus' delivery. The fundamental processes underlying cervical ripening remain poorly understood. Knowledge that abundant autonomic and sensory nerves supply the uterine cervix, that transection of afferent nerves supplying the cervix blocks parturition, and that some of the changes in the cervix resemble those seen in inflammatory reactions suggests nerves may have a role in the cervical ripening changes. The present study utilized immunohistochemistry, plasma extravasation, and solution hybridization-nuclease protection assay to elucidate the complement of primary afferent nerves and some receptors in the rat cervix during pregnancy, and to determine if they may have roles in the ripening process at term. This study revealed an abundance of nerves associated with the cervical vasculature and myometrial smooth muscle containing immunoreactivity for substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, secretoneurin, and nitric oxide synthase throughout pregnancy. Many of these are small unmyelinated capsaicin-sensitive C-fibers. Substance P- (NK1-) and calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors were apparent on uterine cervix vasculature from pregnant, parturient, and postpartum rats. NK1 receptor mRNA was maximal at 20 days of pregnancy. Plasma extravasation of i.v. administered Evans Blue or Monastral Blue was most pronounced at parturition (shortly after NK1 mRNA is maximal); this was similar to plasma extravasation evoked by i.v. administration of substance P or capsaicin-treatment. This study revealed new data about the nervous system of the rat uterine cervix and that these nerves and their transmitters could very well be part of a neurogenic inflammatory process involved in cervical ripening.
Collins J J; Usip S; McCarson K E; Papka R E
Peptides
2002
2002-01
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00593-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00593-9</a>
The effects of pregnancy and estrogen on the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the uterine cervix, dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord.
Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/analysis/biosynthesis/*genetics; Cervix Uteri/*physiology; Estrogens/*physiology; Female; Ganglia; Immunohistochemistry; In Situ Hybridization; Messenger/metabolism; Pregnancy; Radioimmunoassay; Rats; RNA; Spinal Cord/*physiology; Spinal/*physiology; Sprague-Dawley
Before parturition the uterine cervix undergoes a ripening process ("softens" and dilates) to allow passage of the fetus at term. The exact mechanism(s) responsible for cervical ripening are unknown, though a role for peptidergic sensory neurons is emerging. Previous work demonstrated that administration of substance P (SP) to ovariectomized rats caused events associated with cervical ripening, that production of SP in cervix-related dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is estrogen responsive, and that release of SP from neurons terminating in the cervix and spinal cord peaks prior to parturition. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide co-stored with SP in many sensory neurons, undergoes changes with pregnancy and hormonal environment. Immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) were used to investigate CGRP in L6-S1 DRG, spinal cord and cervix during pregnancy and the role of estrogen in CGRP synthesis. CGRP-immunoreactive primary sensory neurons expressed estrogen receptors (ER-alpha and ER-beta). In the cervix, CGRP concentrations decreased, but in the L6-S1 DRG and the spinal cord segments, CGRP levels increased, with peak effects observed at day 20 of gestation. CGRP mRNA synthesis increased in DRG over pregnancy. Sensory neurons of ovariectomized rats treated with estrogen showed increased CGRP mRNA synthesis in a dose-related manner, an effect blocked by the ER antagonist ICI 182 780. From these results, we postulate that synthesis of CGRP in L6-S1 DRG and utilization in the cervix increase over pregnancy and this synthesis is the under influence of the estrogen-ER system. Collectively, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that CGRP plays a role in cervical ripening and, consequently in the birth process.
Mowa C N; Usip S; Collins J; Storey-Workley M; Hargreaves K M; Papka R E
Peptides
2003
2003-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2003.07.009" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.peptides.2003.07.009</a>
Multiple origins of cholinergic innervation of the cochlear nucleus.
*Cholinergic Fibers; Acetylcholine/metabolism; Animals; Auditory Pathways/*cytology/metabolism; Cochlear Nucleus/*anatomy & histology/metabolism; Guinea Pigs; Immunohistochemistry
Acetylcholine (Ach) affects a variety of cell types in the cochlear nucleus (CN) and is likely to play a role in numerous functions. Previous work in rats suggested that the acetylcholine arises from cells in the superior olivary complex, including cells that have axonal branches that innervate both the CN and the cochlea (i.e. olivocochlear cells) as well as cells that innervate only the CN. We combined retrograde tracing with immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase to identify the source of ACh in the CN of guinea pigs. The results confirm a projection from cholinergic cells in the superior olivary complex to the CN. In addition, we identified a substantial number of cholinergic cells in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) that project to the CN. On average, the PPT and LDT together contained about 26% of the cholinergic cells that project to CN, whereas the superior olivary complex contained about 74%. A small number of additional cholinergic cells were located in other areas, including the parabrachial nuclei.The results highlight a substantial cholinergic projection from the pontomesencephalic tegmentum (PPT and LDT) in addition to a larger projection from the superior olivary complex. These different sources of cholinergic projections to the CN are likely to serve different functions. Projections from the superior olivary complex are likely to serve a feedback role, and may be closely tied to olivocochlear functions. Projections from the pontomesencephalic tegmentum may play a role in such things as arousal and sensory gating. Projections from each of these areas, and perhaps even the smaller sources of cholinergic inputs, may be important in conditions such as tinnitus as well as in normal acoustic processing.
Mellott J G; Motts S D; Schofield B R
Neuroscience
2011
2011-04
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.010</a>
Cholinergic cells in the tegmentum send branching projections to the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate body.
Acetylcholine/metabolism; Animals; Auditory Pathways/*cytology; Female; Geniculate Bodies/*cytology; Guinea Pigs; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi/*cytology; Male; Neurons/*cytology/metabolism; Tegmentum Mesencephali/*cytology
The pontomesencephalic tegmentum (PMT) provides cholinergic input to the inferior colliculus (IC) and the medial geniculate body (MG). PMT cells are often characterized as projecting to more than one target. The purpose of this study was to determine whether individual PMT cholinergic cells, (1) innervate the auditory pathways bilaterally via collateral projections to left and right auditory thalamus; or, (2) innervate multiple levels of the auditory pathways via collateral projections to the auditory thalamus and inferior colliculus. We used multiple retrograde tracers to identify individual PMT cells that project to more than one target. We combined the retrograde tracer studies with immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase to determine whether the projecting cells were cholinergic. We found that individual PMT cells send branching axonal projections to two or more auditory targets in the midbrain and thalamus. The collateral projection pattern that we observed most frequently was to the ipsilateral IC and ipsilateral MG. Cells projecting to both MGs were somewhat less common, followed by cells projecting to the contralateral IC and ipsilateral MG. Both cholinergic and non-cholinergic cells contribute to each of these projection patterns. Less often, we found cells that project to one IC and both MGs; there was no evidence for non-cholinergic cells in this projection pattern. It is likely that collateral projections from PMT cells could have coordinated effects bilaterally and at multiple levels of the ascending auditory pathways.
Motts S D; Schofield B R
Neuroscience
2011
2011-04
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.044" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.044</a>
Projections from auditory cortex to midbrain cholinergic neurons that project to the inferior colliculus.
Acetylcholine/*metabolism; Amidines; Animals; Auditory Cortex/*cytology/metabolism; Auditory Perception/physiology; Brain Mapping; Choline O-Acetyltransferase/metabolism; Cholinergic Fibers/metabolism/ultrastructure; Dextrans; Female; Functional Laterality/physiology; Guinea Pigs; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi/*cytology/metabolism; Male; Mesencephalon/*cytology/metabolism; Neural Pathways/cytology/metabolism; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Neuronal Tract-Tracers; Neurons/*cytology/metabolism; Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus/*cytology/metabolism; Rhodamines; Synaptic Transmission/physiology
We have shown that auditory cortex projects to cholinergic cells in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT). PPT and LDT are the sources of cholinergic projections to the inferior colliculus, but it is not known if the cortical inputs contact the cholinergic cells that project to the inferior colliculus. We injected FluoroRuby into auditory cortex in pigmented guinea pigs to label cortical projections to PPT and LDT. In the same animals, we injected Fast Blue into the left or right inferior colliculus to label PPT and LDT cells that project to the inferior colliculus. We processed the brain to identify cholinergic cells with an antibody to choline acetyltransferase, which was visualized with a green fluorescent marker distinguishable from both FluoroRuby and Fast Blue. We then examined the PPT and LDT to determine whether boutons of FluoroRuby-labeled cortical axons were in close contact with cells that were double-labeled with the retrograde tracer and the immunolabel. Apparent contacts were observed ipsilateral and, less often, contralateral to the injected cortex. On both sides, the contacts were more numerous in PPT than in LDT. The results indicate that auditory cortex projects directly to brainstem cholinergic cells that innervate the ipsilateral or contralateral inferior colliculus. This suggests that cortical projections could elicit cholinergic effects on both sides of the auditory midbrain.
Schofield B R
Neuroscience
2010
2010-03
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.008" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.12.008</a>
Sources of cholinergic input to the inferior colliculus.
Acetylcholine/*metabolism; Animals; Choline O-Acetyltransferase/metabolism; Female; Guinea Pigs; Immunohistochemistry; Inferior Colliculi/*anatomy & histology; Male; Neural Pathways/anatomy & histology/metabolism; Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus/anatomy & histology/metabolism; Photomicrography; Tegmentum Mesencephali/*anatomy & histology/*metabolism
We combined retrograde tracing with immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase to identify the source of cholinergic input to the inferior colliculus (IC) in guinea pigs. Injection of a retrograde tracer into one IC labeled cells in many brainstem nuclei. Retrogradely-labeled cells that were also immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase were identified in two nuclei in the midbrain tegmentum: the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT). More PPT and LDT cells project ipsilaterally than contralaterally to the IC and, on both sides, there are more projecting cells in the PPT than in the LDT. Double-labeled cells were not found in any other brainstem nucleus. A common feature of cholinergic cells in PPT and LDT is collateral projections to multiple targets. We placed different retrograde tracers into each IC to identify cells in PPT and LDT that project to both ICs. In both PPT and LDT, a substantial proportion (up to 57%) of the immunoreactive cells that contained tracer from the contralateral IC also contained tracer from the ipsilateral IC. We conclude that acetylcholine in the IC originates from the midbrain tegmental cholinergic nuclei: PPT and LDT. These nuclei are known to participate in arousal, the sleep/wake cycle and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle. It is likely that the cholinergic input to the IC is directly associated with these functions.
Motts S D; Schofield B R
Neuroscience
2009
2009-04
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.036" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.036</a>
Pilomatricoma of the upper arm in an orthopaedic clinic.
Ambulatory Care Facilities; Arm; Biopsy; Carcinoma; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hair Diseases/*pathology/surgery; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Needle; Pilomatrixoma/*pathology/*surgery; Rare Diseases; Skin Appendage/*pathology/surgery; Skin Neoplasms/*pathology/surgery; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
Vance Ansar; Seitz William H Jr
Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery
2012
2012-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2012.01.005" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.jse.2012.01.005</a>
Spreading pigmented actinic keratosis: a review.
Actinic/diagnosis/*pathology; Biopsy; Carcinoma; Dermoscopy/methods; Diagnosis; Differential; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Hutchinson's Melanotic Freckle/diagnosis/*pathology; Immunohistochemistry; Keratosis; Male; Needle; Neoplasm Staging; Precancerous Conditions/*pathology; Risk Assessment; Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis/*pathology; Squamous Cell/diagnosis/*pathology
INTRODUCTION: Spreading pigmented actinic keratosis (SPAK) is a common, but uncommonly reported or appreciated, variant of classic actinic keratosis (AK). It can mimic different pigmented lesions, which may be benign (eg, solar lentigo) or malignant (eg, lentigo maligna). OBJECTIVE: We sought to review current data and identify areas needing further research to establish diagnostic guidelines for SPAK and to increase awareness of this common entity. METHODS: A literature search was performed in both PubMed and MEDLINE databases using the search terms "spreading pigmented actinic keratosis," "pigmented solar keratosis," "pigmented actinic," and "pigmented solar." Each article was retrieved, reviewed, and summarized. RESULTS: SPAK is a rarely reported lesion that can be difficult to distinguish from other benign and malignant pigmented lesions, including seborrheic keratosis, melanoma in situ (lentigo maligna type), and lentigo maligna melanoma. Located mainly on sun-exposed areas and with a size greater than 1.5 cm, the lesion typically spreads laterally. Pathologically, the lesion resembles classic AK with increased basal melanization. The malignancy potential has not yet been elucidated but destructive therapies such as cryotherapy are recommended. LIMITATIONS: Reports not yet published or not included in the comprehensive databases we used may exist that were not analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: SPAK can be associated with adjacent melanoma in situ; therefore, its diagnosis merits increased suspicion for coexisting melanoma.
Uhlenhake Elizabeth E; Sangueza Omar P; Lee Andrew D; Jorizzo Joseph L
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2010
2010-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.07.026" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.jaad.2009.07.026</a>
Detection of single mRNAs in individual cells of the auditory system.
Cochlea; Immunohistochemistry; Inner hair cell; Outer hair cell; Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization; Spiral ganglion neuron
Gene expression analysis is essential for understanding the rich repertoire of cellular functions. With the development of sensitive molecular tools such as single-cell RNA sequencing, extensive gene expression data can be obtained and analyzed from various tissues. Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) has emerged as a powerful complementary tool for single-cell genomics studies because of its ability to map and quantify the spatial distributions of single mRNAs at the subcellular level in their native tissue. Here, we present a detailed method to study the copy numbers and spatial localizations of single mRNAs in the cochlea and inferior colliculus. First, we demonstrate that smFISH can be performed successfully in adult cochlear tissue after decalcification. Second, we show that the smFISH signals can be detected with high specificity. Third, we adapt an automated transcript analysis pipeline to quantify and identify single mRNAs in a cell-specific manner. Lastly, we show that our method can be used to study possible correlations between transcriptional and translational activities of single genes. Thus, we have developed a detailed smFISH protocol that can be used to study the expression of single mRNAs in specific cell types of the peripheral and central auditory systems.
Salehi Pezhman; Nelson Charlie N; Chen Yingying; Lei Debin; Crish Samuel D; Nelson Jovitha; Zuo Hongyan; Bao Jianxin
Hearing research
2018
2018-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2018.07.008" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.heares.2018.07.008</a>
Resveratrol-mediated chemoprevention of diethylnitrosamine-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis: inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis.
Animal; Animals; Anticarcinogenic Agents/*antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology; Antitumor; Apoptosis/*drug effects; Body Weight/drug effects; Cell Proliferation/drug effects; Diethylnitrosamine; Disease Models; Dose-Response Relationship; Drinking/drug effects; Drug; Drug Screening Assays; Eating/drug effects; Experimental/chemically induced/pathology/*prevention & control; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Liver Neoplasms; Organ Size/drug effects; Phenobarbital; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/biosynthesis; Rats; Resveratrol; Sprague-Dawley; Stilbenes/*pharmacology
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers and lethal diseases. In view of the limited treatment and a grave prognosis of liver cancer, preventive control has been emphasized. Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in grape skins, peanuts, berries and red wine, has been shown to possess potent growth inhibitory effects against various human cancer cells. Although resveratrol has been found to exhibit chemopreventive actions in experimentally induced skin, breast, colon and esophagus rodent tumors, chemopreventive potential of this dietary constituent has not been explored well against experimental liver cancer. We evaluated the inhibitory effect of resveratrol using a two-stage model of rat hepatocarcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley rats. Initiation was performed by a single intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine (DENA, 200 mg/kg), followed by promotion with phenobarbital (0.05%) in drinking water. The rats had free access to food supplemented with resveratrol equivalent to 50, 100 or 300 mg/kg body weight/day. Resveratrol treatment was started 4 weeks prior to the initiation and continued for 20 weeks. Resveratrol dose-dependently reduced the incidence, total number and multiplicity of visible hepatocyte nodules. Mean nodular volume and nodular volume as percentage of liver volume were also inhibited upon resveratrol treatment. Histopathological examination of liver tissue confirmed the protective effect of resveratrol. Immunohistochemical detection of cell proliferation and assay of apoptosis indicated a decrease in cell proliferation and increase of apoptotic cells in the livers of resveratrol-supplemented rats. Resveratrol also induced the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax, reduced anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression, with a concurrent increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio with respect to DENA control. The present study provides evidence, for the first time, that resveratrol exerts a significant chemopreventive effect on DENA-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis through inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Resveratrol-induced apoptogenic signal during rat liver carcinogenesis may be mediated through the downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax expression. Due to a favorable toxicity profile, resveratrol can potentially be developed as a chemopreventive drug against human HCC.
Bishayee Anupam; Dhir Neetika
Chemico-biological interactions
2009
2009-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2008.11.015" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.cbi.2008.11.015</a>
Projections from auditory cortex to cholinergic cells in the midbrain tegmentum of guinea pigs.
Animals; Auditory Cortex/*metabolism; Auditory Pathways/metabolism; Axonal Transport; Axons/metabolism; Choline O-Acetyltransferase/*metabolism; Efferent Pathways/metabolism; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Guinea Pigs; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons/*metabolism; Tegmentum Mesencephali/*metabolism
Anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques were used to characterize projections from the auditory cortex to the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (PPT and LDT, respectively) in the midbrain tegmentum in guinea pigs. For anterograde tracing, tetramethylrhodamine dextran (FluoroRuby) was injected at several sites within auditory cortex. After sufficient time for transport, the brain was processed for immunohistochemistry with anti-choline acetyltransferase to reveal presumptive cholinergic cells. Anterogradely labeled axons were observed ipsilaterally and, in smaller numbers, contralaterally, in both the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei. In all four nuclei, tracer-labeled boutons appeared to contact immunolabeled (i.e., cholinergic) cells. The contacts occurred on cell bodies and dendrites. The results were similar following injections that spread across multiple auditory cortical areas or injections that were within primary auditory cortex. In order to confirm the anterograde results, in a second series of experiments, retrograde tracers were deposited in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. These injections labeled layer V pyramidal cells in the auditory cortex. The results suggest an excitatory projection from primary auditory cortex bilaterally to cholinergic cells in the midbrain tegmentum. Such a pathway could allow auditory cortex to activate brainstem cholinergic circuits, possibly including the cholinergic pathways associated with arousal and gating of acoustic stimuli.
Schofield Brett R; Motts Susan D
Brain research bulletin
2009
2009-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.06.015" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.06.015</a>
Calretinin-immunoreactive nerves in the uterus, pelvic autonomic ganglia, lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia and lumbosacral spinal cord.
Animals; Autonomic/*metabolism; Calbindin 2; Capsaicin/pharmacology; Female; Ganglia; Immunohistochemistry; Lumbosacral Region; Nerve Fibers/drug effects/metabolism; Pelvis; Rats; S100 Calcium Binding Protein G/*metabolism; Spinal Cord/*metabolism; Spinal/*metabolism; Sprague-Dawley; Uterus/*innervation
Nerves containing the calcium-binding protein calretinin have been reported in several organs but not in female reproductive organs and associated ganglia. This study was undertaken to determine if nerves associated with the uterus contain calretinin and the source(s) of calretinin-synthesizing nerves in the rat (are they sensory, efferent, or both?). Calretinin-immunoreactive nerves were present in the uterine horns and cervix where they were associated with arteries, uterine smooth muscle, glands, and the epithelium. Calretinin-immunoreactive terminals were apposed to neurons in the paracervical ganglia; in addition, some postganglionic neurons in this ganglion were calretinin positive. Calretinin perikarya were present in the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia, no-dose ganglia, and lumbosacral spinal cord. Retrograde axonal tracing, utilizing Fluorogold injected into the uterus or paracervical parasympathetic ganglia, revealed calretinin-positive/Fluorogold-labeled neurons in the dorsal root and nodose ganglia. Also, capsaicin treatment substantially reduced the calretinin-positive fibers in the uterus and pelvic ganglia, thus indicating the sensory nature of these fibers. The presence of calretinin immunoreactivity identifies a subset of nerves that are involved in innervation of the pelvic viscera and have origins from lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia and vagal nodose ganglia. Though the exact function of calretinin in these nerves is not currently known, calretinin is likely to play a role in calcium regulation and their function.
Papka R E; Collins J; Copelin T; Wilson K
Cell and tissue research
1999
1999-10
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s004419900071" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s004419900071</a>
Vagal afferents from the uterus and cervix provide direct connections to the brainstem.
Animals; Brain Stem/*anatomy & histology; Cervix Uteri/*innervation; Estrogen/metabolism; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Neurons/cytology/metabolism; Rats; Receptors; Sprague-Dawley; Uterus/*innervation; Vagus Nerve/*anatomy & histology/metabolism
Previous anatomical studies demonstrated vagal innervation to the ovary and distal colon and suggested the vagus nerve has uterine inputs. Recent behavioral and physiological evidence indicated that the vagus nerves conduct sensory information from the uterus to the brainstem. The present study was undertaken to identify vagal sensory connections to the uterus. Retrograde tracers, Fluorogold and pseudorabies virus were injected into the uterus and cervix. DiI, an anterograde tracer, was injected into the nodose ganglia. Neurectomies involving the pelvic, hypogastric, ovarian and abdominal vagus nerves were performed, and then uterine whole-mounts examined for sensory nerves containing calcitonin gene-related peptide. Nodose ganglia and caudal brainstem sections were examined for the presence of estrogen receptor-containing neurons in "vagal locales." Labeling of uterine-related neurons in the nodose ganglia (Fluorogold and pseudorabies virus) and in the brainstem nuclei (pseudorabies virus) was obtained. DiI-labeled nerve fibers occurred near uterine horn and uterine cervical blood vessels, in the myometrium, and in paracervical ganglia. Rats with vagal, pelvic, hypogastric and ovarian neurectomies exhibited a marked decrease in calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerves in the uterus relative to rats with pelvic, hypogastric, and ovarian neurectomies with intact vagus nerves. Neurons in the nodose ganglia and nucleus tractus solitarius were immunoreactive for estrogen receptors. These results demonstrated: (1) the vagus nerves serve as connections between the uterus and CNS, (2) the nodose ganglia contain uterine-related vagal afferent neuron cell bodies, and (3) neurons in vagal locales contain estrogen receptors.
Collins J J; Lin C E; Berthoud H R; Papka R E
Cell and tissue research
1999
1999-01
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s004410051211" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s004410051211</a>
P2X receptors in the rat uterine cervix, lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia, and spinal cord during pregnancy.
Animals; Blotting; Cervix Uteri/*metabolism; Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism; Female; Frozen Sections; Ganglia; Immunohistochemistry; Lumbosacral Region; Pregnancy; Purinergic P2/*metabolism; Purinergic P2X; Rats; Receptors; Spinal Cord/cytology/*metabolism; Spinal/cytology/*metabolism; Sprague-Dawley; Western
ATP, an intracellular energy source, is released from cells during tissue stress, damage, or inflammation. The P2X subtype of the ATP receptor is expressed in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, spinal cord dorsal horn, and axons in peripheral tissues. ATP binding to P2X receptors on nociceptors generates signals that can be interpreted as pain from damaged tissue. We have hypothesized that tissue stress or damage in the uterine cervix during late pregnancy and parturition can lead to ATP release and sensory signaling via P2X receptors. Consequently, we have examined sensory pathways from the cervix in nonpregnant and pregnant rats for the presence of purinoceptors. Antiserum against the
Papka Raymond E; Hafemeister Jen; Storey-Workley Megan
Cell and tissue research
2005
2005-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-005-1114-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s00441-005-1114-8</a>
Neuropathic pain in aged rats: behavioral responses and astrocytic activation.
Aging/*physiology; Animal; Animal/*physiology; Animals; Astrocytes/*metabolism; Behavior; Cell Count; Disease Models; Functional Laterality/physiology; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism; Hyperalgesia/physiopathology; Immunohistochemistry; Inbred F344; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Nerve Crush/methods; Neuralgia/*metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Pain Measurement; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/*metabolism/pathology/physiopathology; Posterior Horn Cells/*metabolism; Rats; Thermosensing/physiology; Touch/physiology; Up-Regulation/*physiology
We used the Bennett and Xie (1988) model of chronic neuropathic pain to study the effect of age on thermal and tactile sensitivity and on astrocytic activation in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord after nerve injury. Fischer 344 FBNF1 hybrid rats in three age groups, 4-6, 14-16, and 24-26 months, were studied. Rats were either unligated (day 0, control) or the left sciatic nerve was loosely ligated to cause a chronic constriction injury (CCI). CCI causes a neuropathic pain condition characterized by tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Rats were behaviorally assessed for tactile and thermal sensitivity of their ligated and unligated hind paws up to 35 days postligation. Rats were sacrificed before or at various days postligation, and activated astrocytes were identified at the L4-L5 levels of their spinal cords by use of an antibody to glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). The number of GFAP-ir astrocytes in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the control, uninjured condition decreased with age (P \textless or = 0.001) but increased after CCI in all three age groups. After CCI, astrocytic activation in the cord was less robust in aged rats than in younger ones (P \textless or = 0.01). Not all the CCI rats displayed hyperalgesia to touch and to heat. Rats with an increased sensitivity to heat had increased levels of GFAP-ir in their cords; however, rats with decreased thermal sensitivity also displayed increased
Stuesse S L; Crisp T; McBurney D L; Schechter J B; Lovell J A; Cruce W L
Experimental brain research
2001
2001-03
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s002210000630" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s002210000630</a>
Immunohistochemical localization of serotonin, leu-enkephalin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and substance P within the visceral sensory area of cartilaginous fish.
*Brain Chemistry; Animals; Antibodies; Brain Stem/cytology; Enkephalin; Fishes; Immunohistochemistry; Leucine/*analysis; Medulla Oblongata/cytology; Serotonin/*analysis; Substance P/*analysis; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/*analysis
We examined the distribution of immunoreactivity to serotonin (5-HT), leu-enkephalin (LENK), tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH), and substance P (SP) within the primary visceral sensory region of cartilaginous fish. Two genera of sharks, Squalus and Heterodontus, a skate, Raja, a ray, Myliobatis, and a holocephalian, Hydrolagus, were used. Cranial nerves, VII, IX, and X enter the visceral sensory complex from the lateral aspect and divide it into lobes. Based on sagittally cut sections, there are four lobes in Hydrolagus and five in Squalus, corresponding to the number of gill arches. The neurochemicals are differentially distributed within each lobe. LENK+ and 5-HT+ fibers are located in all regions within the visceral sensory complex. SP+ fibers are extremely dense in a dorsolateral subdivision and do not extend as far ventrally as 5-HT+ and LENK+ fibers. The lobes lack 5-HT+ cells, but contain a few LENK+ and SP+ cells. Many TH+ cells are distributed in dorsomedial portions of the complex, but there are few TH+ fibers. Thus, the visceral sensory area of cartilaginous fish contains several divisions that can be distinguished by their neurochemical content.
Stuesse S L; Stuesse D C; Cruce W L
Cell and tissue research
1992
1992-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/bf00318799" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/bf00318799</a>