Why Is a Child Not a Miniadult for Infections?
The presentation of an infectious disease in a child is likely to differ from an adult and will differ at different ages of the child. In addition to differences in immune response, there are significant differences in anatomy, physiology, metabolism, and behavior that affect susceptibility, course of disease, severity, and treatment. This is the first of a series of reviews that examine differences in disease presentation for different demographics. This short review will look at some of the parameters that ask, “Why is a child not a miniadult for infections?”
Chappell MT; Kelly C; Rosenthal KS
Infectious Diseases In Clinical Practice
2021
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Journal Article
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Why Is a Child Not a Miniadult for Infections?
children; COVID-19; immunology; infectious disease
The presentation of an infectious disease in a child is likely to differ from an adult and will differ at different ages of the child. In addition to differences in immune response, there are significant differences in anatomy, physiology, metabolism, and behavior that affect susceptibility, course of disease, severity, and treatment. This is the first of a series of reviews that examine differences in disease presentation for different demographics. This short review will look at some of the parameters that ask, “Why is a child not a miniadult for infections?”
Chappell MT; Kelly C; Rosenthal KS
Infectious Diseases In Clinical Practice
2021
2021-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
journalArticle
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/IPC.0000000000001012" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/IPC.0000000000001012</a>
COVID-19: A Lot of Information, Few Answers
Infectious Diseases; immunology
Tan MJ
Infectious Diseases In Clinical Practice
2020
2020-11
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
journalArticle
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/IPC.0000000000000966" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/IPC.0000000000000966</a>
Diagnosis And Treatment Of Diabetic Foot Infections
arterial occlusive; blood-pressure; colony-stimulating factor; cutaneous oxygen-tension; disease; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; lower-extremity infections; Microbiology; open-label trial; peripheral vascular-disease; resistant; soft-tissue infections; staphylococcus-aureus; term-follow-up; toe
Lipsky B A; Berendt A R; Deery H G; Embil J M; Joseph W S; Karchmer A W; LeFrock J L; Lew D P; Mader J T; Norden C; Tan J S
Clinical Infectious Diseases
2004
2004-10
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1086/424846" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1086/424846</a>
Toxicity Associated With High-dose Cytosine Arabinoside And Total Body Irradiation As Conditioning For Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation
acute lymphoblastic-leukemia; adults; allogeneic; Biophysics; children; cyclophosphamide; cytosine; hematologic; Hematology; Immunology; lymphoma; malignancies; Oncology; preparative regimen; remission; survival; therapy; total body irradiation; toxicity; transplantation; transplantation
Seventy-three patients with hematological cancers undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) were evaluated for event-free survival (EFS) and toxicity, All received 36 g/m(2) cytosine arabinoside (HDA) and 1200 cGy fractionated total body irradiation (TBI). We assessed the association of EFS and toxicities with the following risk factors: age, gender, diagnosis, initial relapse risk and patient-donor histocompatibility. The EFS probability is 33% at 800 days post-BMT, Twenty-six patients (36%) died of toxicity within 100 days and 14 (19%) have relapsed, EFS was inversely associated with age (P < 0.0001) and initial relapse risk (P = 0.007), The risk of pulmonary (P = 0.023) and hepatic toxicity (P = 0.011) increased with age, Diagnosis other than acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was a risk factor (P = 0.015) for graft-versushost disease (GVHD); and fewer ALL patients died from toxicity (P = 0.014), The probability of sepsis within 100 days post-BMT correlated (P = 0.007) with initial relapse risk. We conclude: (1) the lower EFS and greater pulmonary and hepatic toxicity associated with increasing age indicate a need for less toxic regimens that maintain high antileukemic efficacy for older patients; (2) the high GVHD and sepsis rates seen in certain categories of patients indicate a need for careful definition of eligibility criteria for this still highly toxic treatment.
Kumar M; Saleh A; Rao P V; Ochoa S; Meyers L; Miller A; GrahamPole J
Bone Marrow Transplantation
1997
1997-06
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1700797" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1038/sj.bmt.1700797</a>
Alpha-2-macroglogulin (a2m) Mediates T Cell Suppression Via A Peptide Sequence In Its Cytokine-binding Site But Not By Cytokine Neutralization
Immunology
Koo P H; Khol M
Journal of Immunology
2007
2007-04
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Immunostimulatory Factors Specifically Associated With A Spontaneously Regressing Tumor Subline Of The Murine Leukemia-l1210
Immunology
Koo P H
Journal of Immunology
1981
1981
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Staphylococcus Lugdunensis: The "lyon Heart" Pathogen Report Of 5 Cases Of Endocarditis And Review Of The Adult Literature
bacteremia; clinical-experience; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; infective endocarditis; lead endocarditis; native-valve; of-the-literature; pacemaker; prosthetic valve; pulmonary valve endocarditis; Staphylococcus lugdunensis; vasectomy
Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a coagulase-negative Staphylococcus capable of causing infective endocarditis on native as well as prosthetic valves and implanted cardiac devices. It causes acute disease clinically indistinguishable from that caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteremic infections with S. lugdunensis have a high incidence of associated infective endocarditis. Many S. lugdunensis isolates are exquisitely sensitive to penicillin G. Endocarditis caused by S. lugdunensis frequently requires surgical intervention and has a high mortality rate. Case 1: A 48-year-old woman with mitral valve prolapse, S. lugdunensis bacteremia and mitral valve endocarditis. She underwent emergent mitral valve replacement and completed treatment with intravenous nafcillin. Case 2: A 31-year-old woman with spontaneous S. lugdunensis bacteremia and tricuspid valve endocarditis. She was successfully treated medically with 6 weeks of intravenous nafcillin. Case 3: A 44-year-old man with S. lugdunensis endocarditis on congenital bicuspid aortic valve with severe aortic insufficiency. He underwent emergent aortic valve replacement and successfully completed 6 weeks of intravenous nafcillin. Case 4: A 37-year-old woman with spontaneous S. lugdunensis bacteremia and native aortic valve endocarditis. She was successfully treated medically with 6 weeks of intravenous vancomycin. Case 5: A 57-year-old woman with hemodialysis catheter-related S. lugdunensis bacteremia and native mitral valve endocarditis. She was successfully treated medically with 6 weeks of intravenous cefazolin. Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a unique coagulase-negative Staphylococcus first identified in Lyon, France, the modern name for the Roman city of Lugdunum, ergo the organism's name. Since its identification, S. lugdunensis has been described as a "Lion among coagulase-negative staphylococci" and as "a dangerous wolf in sheep's clothing" because of the tendency of clinicians to initially discount positive blood cultures with " coagulase-negative staphylococci" as probable skin contaminants and thereby delay appropriate antimicrobial therapy. We report 5 patients with S. lugdunensis endocarditis and review the adult literature for other reported cases.
Kline J A; Byrnes T J; Myers J P
Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice
2017
2017-05
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0000000000000459" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/ipc.0000000000000459</a>
Dqb1*03:19 Allele Distribution And Relative Haplotype Frequency Among Caucasians, African Americans And Hispanics
Immunology
Kawczak P; Smith G; Nowacki A; Barnard J; Zlobinsky M; Thomas D; Zaim I; Askar M
Human Immunology
2011
2011
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2011.07.197" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.humimm.2011.07.197</a>
Weekend Consultative Panic - Fact Or Fiction
Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology
Kachmer M L; Gluck J L; Myers J P
Journal of Infectious Diseases
1986
1986-12
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/154.6.1050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1093/infdis/154.6.1050</a>
Streptococcus Pyogenes Bacteremia In Adults In The 21st Century: Review Of 68 Episodes Over 10-year Period In A Large Community Teaching Hospital
bacteremia; children; epidemic; group A Streptococcus; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; medical-center; Streptococcus pyogenes; vaginal carrier; wound infections
BackgroundStreptococcus pyogenes causes pharyngitis, tonsillitis, cellulitis, and less frequently other clinical syndromes. It is infrequently included in the differential diagnosis of other infectious illnesses. Methods We reviewed the medical records of all adult patients (16 years of age and older) with S. pyogenes bacteremia admitted to our institution during the 10 years from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2016. We report the epidemiology, source of infection, comorbid conditions, treatment, and mortality for these patients. Results There were 68 cases of S. pyogenes bacteremia during the study period. There were 27 episodes in men (39.7%) and 41 episodes in women (60.3%). The patients' ages ranged from 17 to 91 years with a mean of 58.1 years and a median of 59.5 years. Skin and soft tissue infections with or without necrotizing fasciitis were the most common presentation followed by primary bacteremia, pneumonia, septic bursitis/arthritis, obstetric/gynecologic, and head/neck infections. All strains of S. pyogenes tested during the study period maintained sensitivity to penicillin G. Diabetes mellitus was the most common comorbid condition. Seven of 68 patients died for a mortality rate of 10.3%. Conclusions Bacteremic S. pyogenes infections continue to be a significant clinical problem years into the 21st century. Resident physicians, hospitalists, intensivists, and surgeons should be keenly aware of this information and understand the potential consequences of unrecognized, rapidly progressive group A streptococcal infection. Emergent surgical intervention remains essential to the survival of many of these patients.
Hupp J A; Kallstrom G; Myers J P
Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice
2018
2018-01
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0000000000000560" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/ipc.0000000000000560</a>
Doxycycline For Treatment Of Community-acquired Pneumonia - Reply
cost; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology
Martinez F J; Lynch J P; File T M
Clinical Infectious Diseases
2002
2002-09
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1086/341984" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1086/341984</a>
Ethical Considerations Regarding The Administration Of Oseltamivir For Infection Control Indications - Reply
acute influenza; adults; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir
Mandell L A; Wunderink R G; Anzueto A; Bartlett J G; Campbell G D; Dean N C; Dowell S F; File T M; Musher D M; Niederman M S; Torres A; Whitney C G
Clinical Infectious Diseases
2007
2007-07
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1086/520486" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1086/520486</a>
Short-course Treatment Of Community-acquired Pneumonia
ciprofloxacin; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; levofloxacin; Microbiology; pharmacodynamics; resolution; therapy; ventilator-associated pneumonia
Mandell L A; File T M
Clinical Infectious Diseases
2003
2003-09
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1086/377567" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1086/377567</a>
Legionnaires Disease And The Updated Idsa Guidelines For Community-acquired Pneumonia - Reply
azithromycin; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; legionella; Microbiology
Mandell L A; Bartlett J G; Dowell S F; File T M; Musher D M; Whitney C
Clinical Infectious Diseases
2004
2004-12
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1086/425932" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1086/425932</a>
Eight Habits Of Highly Effective Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs To Meet The Joint Commission Standards For Hospitals
Allergy; antimicrobial; antimicrobial stewardship; clinician; Immunology; impact; Infectious Diseases; Infectious Diseases; joint commission standards; management; Microbiology; resistance
Goff D A; Kullar R; Bauer K A; File T M
Clinical Infectious Diseases
2017
2017-04
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix065" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1093/cid/cix065</a>
Molecular-basis For The Temperature-dependent Insolubility Of Cryoglobulins .10. The Amino-acid-sequence Of The Heavy-chain Variable Region Of Mce
Immunology
Gerberjenson B; Kazin A; Kehoe J M; Scheffel C; Erickson B; Litman G W
Journal of Immunology
1981
1981
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Multicentered Clinical-evaluation Of Cefoperazone For The Treatment Of Lower Respiratory-tract Infections
Immunology; Microbiology
Gardner W G
Reviews of Infectious Diseases
1983
1983
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Pseudomonas Bacteremia In A Community Teaching Hospital, 1980-1984
Immunology; Microbiology
Gallagher P G; Watanakunakorn C
Reviews of Infectious Diseases
1989
1989-11
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Group-b Streptococcal Endocarditis - Report Of 7 Cases And Review Of The Literature, 1962-1985
Immunology; Microbiology
Gallagher P G; Watanakunakorn C
Reviews of Infectious Diseases
1986
1986-03
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Blastocystis-hominis Enteritis
Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics
Gallagher P G; Venglarcik J S
Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
1985
1985
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198509000-00026" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/00006454-198509000-00026</a>
The Clinical Relevance Of Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus Pneumoniae: A New Perspective
antibiotic-resistance; bacteremia; community-acquired pneumonia; epidemiology; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; metaanalysis; Microbiology; molecular; mortality; outcomes; pneumococcal pneumonia; susceptibility; united-states
File T M; Tan J S; Boex J R
Clinical Infectious Diseases
2006
2006-03
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1086/500142" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1086/500142</a>
Ticarcillin-clavulanate Therapy For Bacterial Skin And Soft-tissue Infections
acid; Immunology; Microbiology; moxalactam; penetration; pharmacokinetics; potassium; safety; timentin
File T M; Tan J S
Reviews of Infectious Diseases
1991
1991-07
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Response To Letters Regarding Optimizing Therapy For Community-acquired Pneumonia With The Goal Of Rapid Resolution Of Illness
Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology
File T M; Tan J S
Clinical Infectious Diseases
2006
2006-07
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Optimizing Therapy For Community-acquired Pneumonia With The Goal Of Rapid Resolution Of Illness
adults; antimicrobial therapy; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; management; Microbiology; monotherapy; practice guidelines
File T M; Tan J S
Clinical Infectious Diseases
2005
2005-12
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1086/498160" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1086/498160</a>
Cefoperazone For The Treatment Of Acute Urinary-tract Infection - Multicentered Comparative And Noncomparative Studies
Immunology; Microbiology
File T M; Tan J S
Reviews of Infectious Diseases
1983
1983
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Antimicrobial Therapy Of Community-acquired Pneumonia
antibiotic-treatment; azithromycin monotherapy; bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia; clinical-outcomes; hospitalized-patients; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; macrolide; neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir; randomized controlled-trial; resistance; resistant streptococcus-pneumoniae; risk-factors
File T M; Niederman M S
Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
2004
2004-12
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2004.07.011" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.idc.2004.07.011</a>
What Is Optimal Antimicrobial Therapy For Bacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia?
adults; antigen; community-acquired pneumonia; elderly patients; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; outcomes; urine samples
File T M; Mandell L A
Clinical Infectious Diseases
2003
2003-02
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Performance Measurement In Community-acquired Pneumonia: Consequences Intended And Unintended
america; antibiotics; care; guidelines; hospitals; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; infectious-diseases-society; Microbiology; quality
File T M; Gross P A
Clinical Infectious Diseases
2007
2007-04
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1086/512436" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1086/512436</a>
The Importance Of Chlamydia Pneumoniae As A Pathogen: The 1996 Consensus Conference On Chlamydia Pneumoniae Infections
artery; association; atherosclerosis; cells; community-acquired; coronary heart-disease; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; lesions; pneumonia; polymerase chain-reaction; reaction-enzyme immunoassay; twar
File T M; Bartlett J G; Cassell G H; Gaydos C A; Grayston J T; Hammerschlag M R; Jones R B; Kahn J B; Marrie T J; Ramirez J A; Saikku P; Schachter J; Schumacher H R; Stamm W E; Stratton C W; Yu V L
Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice
1997
1997-11
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/00019048-199711002-00002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/00019048-199711002-00002</a>
Highlights From The 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines By The Infectious Diseases Society Of America And The American Thoracic Society On Management Of Adults With Hospital-acquired And Ventilator-associated Pneumonia
guideline; hospital-acquired pneumonia; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; ventilator-associated pneumonia
File T M
Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice
2017
2017-01
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Fluoroquinolones And Respiratory Tract Infections: Do They Work?
acute; antibacterial activity; antibiotic-therapy; chronic-bronchitis; community-acquired pneumonia; exacerbations; hospitalization; Immunology; in-vitro; Infectious Diseases; obstructive pulmonary-disease; oral ciprofloxacin; requiring; streptococcus-pneumoniae
File T M
Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice
1997
1997-11
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/00019048-199711002-00006" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/00019048-199711002-00006</a>
Etiology And Incidence Of Community-acquired Pneumonia
adults; clinical-features; diagnosis; epidemiology; Immunology; infection; Infectious Diseases; patient; pneumococcal pneumonia; prognosis; prospective multicenter; therapy
File T M
Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice
1996
1996-12
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Lady Windermere Syndrome: Middle Lobe Bronthiectasis And Mycobacterium Avium Complex Infection Due To Voluntary Cough Suppression
Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology
Dhillon S S; Watanakunakorn C
Clinical Infectious Diseases
2000
2000-03
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1086/313726" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1086/313726</a>
Images In Id What's The Diagnosis? Persistent Hoarseness In A Former Smoker
disease; guidelines; hoarseness; Immunology; Infectious Diseases; laryngeal carcinoma; laryngeal cryptococcosis; laryngitis; opportunistic infection; patient; primary cryptococcal infection
Dangol G M S; Brine P L; Wilkins C E; Maharjan S; Gemmel D J
Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice
2017
2017-11
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0000000000000557" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/ipc.0000000000000557</a>
Disseminated Mycobacterium Haemophilum Infection And Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia In A Patient Receiving Immunosuppressive Therapy Case Report And Review Of Literature
diagnosis; disease; disseminated Mycobacterium haemophilum; HIV disease; Immunology; immunosuppressive therapy; Infectious Diseases; manifestation; pathogen; Pneumocystis jirovecii; pneumonia; rheumatoid arthritis; transplant recipients
Dalia Y; Fahmy J; Khoncarly S; Moore T L; Myers J P
Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice
2019
2019-01
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/ipc.0000000000000686" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/ipc.0000000000000686</a>
Fluoroquinolones: Considerations For Future Use
Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics; resistance
Congeni B L; Thomson R B
Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
2002
2002-04
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-200204000-00016" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/00006454-200204000-00016</a>
Evaluation Of A Latex Particle Agglutination Kit In Pneumococcal Disease
Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics
Congeni B L; Igel H J; Platt M S
Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
1984
1905-06
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198409000-00005" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/00006454-198409000-00005</a>
Safety And Efficacy Of Once Daily Ceftriaxone For The Treatment Of Bacterial-meningitis
Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics
Congeni B L; Bradley J; Hammerschlag M R
Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
1986
1986-05
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198605000-00004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/00006454-198605000-00004</a>
Commentary: Changing Nature Of Bacteria Causing Pediatric Upper And Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: Focus On Beta-lactamase-producing Bacteria
Immunology; Infectious Diseases
Congeni B L
Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice
1998
1998-11
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/00019048-199811004-00005" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/00019048-199811004-00005</a>