The C1q/TNF-related proteins (CTRPS) in pathogenesis of obesity-related metabolic disorders: Focus on type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
Obesity; Type 2 diabetes; Cardiovascular diseases; C1q/TNF-related proteins (CTRPs)
The growing evidence has been tried to explain and characterize C1q/TNF- related proteins (CTRPs) family as the potential diagnostic or therapeutic targets of obesity-related metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular disorders. However, the underlying mechanism is still obscure. Unraveling the signaling pathways downstream of CTRP family members is of great interest and could certainly be beneficial for finding new insights into therapeutic strategies for improving metabolic abnormalities. This review focused on the role of CTRP members in the initiation and development of obesity-related metabolic disorders with a focus on T2D and cardiovascular diseases. Here we summarize and discuss the role of CTRPs in the regulation of insulin signaling, inflammatory pathways, and energy metabolism, and other signaling pathways pertinent to the pathogenesis of T2D and cardiovascular diseases. We also review available clinical studies to better elucidate the roles of these potential molecules in the initiation and development of the afore-mentioned disorders.
Shanaki M; Shabani P; Goudarzi A; Omidifar A; Bashash D; Emamgholipour S
Life Sciences
2020
2020-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
journalArticle
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117913" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117913</a>
The Masticatory Apparatus of Humans (Homo sapiens): Evolution and Comparative Functional Morphology
Evolutionary Biology; Behavioral Sciences; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Life Sciences; Animal Anatomy / Morphology / Histology; Animal Ecology; Animal Physiology; Human Physiology
Feeding and diet played key roles in human evolution. It is well known that modern humans have a small masticatory apparatus for their body size among primates. However, identifying gracility does not necessarily tell us about the relative functional capacities of the human masticatory system beyond the obvious size-related consequences. We consider the functional consequences of gracilization and functional relationships within the human masticatory apparatus using nonhuman primates for comparison. Human jaws are short for their size, particularly the anterior portion, among primates. When considered relative to masticatory apparatus size, the shortened jaw compares more similarly to other apes. Because jaw length acts as a load arm, humans have improved leverage for biting, but smaller relative gapes. Human biting ability is not particularly improved by their favorable leverage because humans have relatively small muscles and because of a size-related decrease in bite force across primates. Humans have relatively reduced load resistance abilities in the jaw compared to other apes, but abilities that are still intermediate among primates. Human postcanine teeth are small for their size, but average-sized for their masticatory apparatus. Finally, an initial look at jaw-muscle activation patterns during chewing suggests that humans recruit their jaw muscles like similar-sized anthropoids. We conclude that any performance deficits in the human masticatory apparatus are primarily related to gracilization. Humans possess a relative masticatory apparatus configuration that compares similarly to many other primates suggesting the evolution of humans has not unraveled the basic functional relationships within the masticatory apparatus that characterize most primates.
Vinyard Christopher J; Mark F Teaford; Christine E Wall; Andrea B Taylor
Feeding In Vertebrates : Evolution, Morphology, Behavior, Biomechanics
2019
1905-07
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_21" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_21</a>
Contributing Roles of CYP2E1 and Other Cytochrome P450 Isoforms in Alcohol-Related Tissue Injury and Carcinogenesis
inflammation; Oxidative stress; Cancer; CYP2E1; Cell Biology; Oncology; Alcohol; Acetaldehyde; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Cancer Research; DNA mutation; Life Sciences
The purpose of this review is to briefly summarize the roles of alcohol (ethanol) and related compounds in promoting cancer and inflammatory injury in many tissues. Long-term chronic heavy alcohol exposure is known to increase the chances of inflammation, oxidative DNA damage, and cancer development in many organs. The rates of alcohol-mediated organ damage and cancer risks are significantly elevated in the presence of co-morbidity factors such as poor nutrition, unhealthy diets, smoking, infection with bacteria or viruses, and exposure to pro-carcinogens. Chronic ingestion of alcohol and its metabolite acetaldehyde may initiate and/or promote the development of cancer in the liver, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, prostate, and female breast. In this chapter, we summarize the important roles of ethanol/acetaldehyde in promoting inflammatory injury and carcinogenesis in several tissues. We also review the updated roles of the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) and other cytochrome P450 isozymes in the metabolism of various potentially toxic substrates, and consequent toxicities, including carcinogenesis in different tissues. We also briefly describe the potential implications of endogenous ethanol produced by gut bacteria, as frequently observed in the experimental models and patients of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, in promoting DNA mutation and cancer development in the liver and other tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract.
Byoung-Joon Song; Mohamed A Abdelmegeed; Young-Eun Cho; Mohammed Akbar; Johng S Rhim; Min-Kyung Song; James P Hardwick
Human Cell Transformation : Advances In Cell Models For The Study Of Cancer And Aging
2019
1905-07
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_6</a>
Behavioral Suppression Following 3,4-methylenenedioxymethamphetamine
Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Research & Experimental Medicine
Kulmala H K; Boja J W; Schechter M D
Life Sciences
1987
1987-09
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(87)90618-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0024-3205(87)90618-7</a>
Enhancement Of The Antiviral Activity Of Poly R(a-u) By Ametantrone And Mitoxantrone
Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Research & Experimental Medicine
Jamison J M; Krabill K; Flowers D G; Tsai C C
Life Sciences
1990
1990
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(90)90134-d" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0024-3205(90)90134-d</a>
Enhancement Of The Antiviral And Interferon-inducing Activities Of Poly-r(a-u) By Carminic Acid
Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Research & Experimental Medicine
Jamison J M; Flowers D G; Jamison E; Kitareewan S; Krabill K; Rosenthal K S; Tsai C C
Life Sciences
1988
1988
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(88)90058-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0024-3205(88)90058-6</a>
Place Preference And Microdialysis Studies With Two Derivatives Of Methylphenidate
abuse; affinity; binding; cocaine; dependence; dopamine; methylphenidate; microdialysis studies; pharmacology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; place preference; Research & Experimental Medicine; transporters
Gatley S J; Meehan S M; Chen R; Pan D F; Schechter M D; Dewey S L
Life Sciences
1996
1996-05
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(96)00222-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0024-3205(96)00222-6</a>
Synergistic antitumor activity of vitamins C and K-3 on human urologic tumor cell lines
2-methyl-1; 4-naphthoquinone; bladder; cancer-chemotherapy; carcinoma cells; growth; isolated hepatocytes; l-ascorbic-acid; menadione; metabolism; mitomycin-c; oxidative stress; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; prostate; Research & Experimental Medicine; urologic neoplasms; vitamin C
A micro-tetrazolium assay was employed to evaluate vitamin C (VC), vitamin K-3 (VK3) and vitamin C/vitamin K-3 combinations (VC/VK3) for their antitumor activity against eight human urologic tumor cell lines. While the individual vitamins exhibited antitumor activity at high concentrations, co-administration of the vitamin in a VC : VK3 ratio of 100 : 1 potentiated antitumor activity 4- to 61-fold even when exposure times were as short as 1 hour. Administration of exogenous catalase destroyed the antitumor activity of the vitamins and suggested that catalase destroyed the antitumor activity of the vitamins and suggested that hydrogen peroxide and perhaps other reactive oxygen species were involved in the antitumor mechanism of these vitamins. Electron micrographs taken in a previous study demonstrated that vitamin treatment damaged mitochondria and may have impaired ATP synthesis. Analysis of cellular ATP and thiol levels as well as DNA and protein synthesis during the first five hours following a one hour VC/VK3 treatment, revealed: a transient increase in ATP production, a substantial decrease in DNA synthesis, an increase in protein synthesis and a decrease in thiol levels. These results suggested that redox cycling of the vitamin combination increased oxidative stress until it surpassed the reducing ability of the cellular thiols and cellular or genetic damage ensured.
Venugopal M; Jamison J M; Gilloteaux J; Koch J A; Summers M; Giammar D; Sowick C; Summers J L
Life Sciences
1996
1996-09
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(96)00466-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0024-3205(96)00466-3</a>
Inhibition of the development of metastases by dietary vitamin C : K-3 combination
ascorbate; ascorbic-acid; cancer-chemotherapy; growth-invitro; k-3 combinations; lung; lymph node; menadione; metastases; mouse liver; n-nitrosomorpholine; oxidative stress; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; prostatic-carcinoma cells; Research & Experimental Medicine; synergistic antitumor-activity; tumor; ultrastructural aspects; vitamin CK3
The tumor growth-inhibiting and chemo-potentiating effects of vitamin C and K(3)combinations have been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of orally administered vitamin C and K-3 on the metastasis of mouse liver tumor (T.L.T.) cells implanted in C3H mice. Adult male C3H mice were given water containing vitamin C and K3 (15 g/0.15 g dissolved in 1000 ml) beginning 2 weeks before tumor transplantation until the end of the experiment. T.L.T. cells (106) were implanted intramuscularly in the right thigh of mice. All mice were sacrificed 42 days after tumor transplantation. Primary tumor, lungs, lymph nodes and other organs or tissues suspected of harboring metastases were macroscopically examined. Samples of primary tumors, their local lymph nodes, lungs and main organs such as liver, kidneys, spleen were taken for histological examination. Forty-two percent of control mice exhibited lung metastases and 27% possessed metastases in local lymph nodes whereas 24% of vitamin-treated mice exhibited lung metastases and 10% possessed local lymph nodes metastases. The total number of lung metastases was 19 in control group and 10 in vitamin C and K-3-treated mice. Histopathological examination of the metastatic tumors from the vitamin-treated mice revealed the presence of many tumor cells undergoing autoschizic cell death. These results demonstrate that oral vitamin C and K3 significantly inhibited the metastases of T.L.T. tumors in C3H mice. At least a portion of this inhibition was due to tumor cell death by autoschizis. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Taper H S; Jamison J M; Gilloteaux J; Summers J L; Calderon P B
Life Sciences
2004
2004-07
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.02.011" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.lfs.2004.02.011</a>
VAGAL CONTROL OF HEART PERIOD IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC RATS
Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Research & Experimental Medicine
Stuesse S L; Wallick D W; Mace S
Life Sciences
1982
1982
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(82)90420-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0024-3205(82)90420-9</a>
Phentermine plus fenfluramine produce cocaine-like discriminative cues
analogs; cocaine; combinations; drug discrimination; fenfluramine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; phentermine; receptors; Research & Experimental Medicine; serotonin; stimulus properties
Drug discrimination studies were conducted in six male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate the interoceptive cues produced by 10 mg/kg cocaine in an effort to investigate if there is stimulus generalization to phentermine or phentermine + fenfluramine. Once having reached criterion performance, these rats were tested with lower doses of cocaine and generated a typical dose-response curve allowing for calculation of an ED(50) value: 2.798 mg/kg. Testing of phentermine in doses of 1.25-5.0 mg/kg indicated generalization with the highest dose producing 80% cocaine-appropriate responding and allowing for an ED(50) value of 2.356 mg/kg. When the phentermine doses were tested in combination 2.0 mg/kg fenfluramine, however, there was an increase in the discriminability of the highest phentermine dose and a slight decrease in the ED(50) value of the combination. Thus, administration of phentermine + fenfluramine, having both dopamine-releasing and serotonin-releasing properties, respectively, may mimic the neurochemical activity by which cocaine acts in the central nervous system and may possibly allow for cocaine-like effects as these two drugs see increased use in obesity control.
Schechter M D; McBurney D
Life Sciences
1996
1996-10
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(96)00513-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/s0024-3205(96)00513-9</a>
EVIDENCE THAT THE STIMULUS PROPERTIES OF APOMORPHINE ARE MEDIATED BY BOTH D1 AND D2 RECEPTOR ACTIVATION
Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Research & Experimental Medicine
Schechter M D; Greer N L
Life Sciences
1987
1987-06
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(87)90762-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0024-3205(87)90762-4</a>
Comparison of anorectic drugs in rats trained to discriminate between satiation and deprivation.
Male; Animals; Rats; Analysis of Variance; Discrimination Learning/*drug effects; Amphetamine/*pharmacology; *Food Deprivation; Fenfluramine/*analogs & derivatives/*pharmacology; Norfenfluramine/*pharmacology; Satiation/*drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship; Drug; Inbred Strains
Eight male rats were trained to discriminate between the internal states produced by food deprivation of 3 hours (satiation) and that produced by food deprivation of 27 hours duration (deprivation). One lever, in a two-lever operant chamber, had to be pressed to receive reinforcement in the satiation state, whereas pressing the other lever was required when the rat was in the deprivation state. Once the rats were trained, increasing the number of hours of food deprivation, from 1 to 48 hours, resulted in more deprivation-appropriate lever responses in the two-lever operant task. Administration of doses of fenfluramine (0.5-1.5 mg.kg), its active metabolite norfenfluramine (0.25-1.0 mg/kg) or d-amphetamine (0.5-1.5 mg/kg) produced a dose-responsive decrease in deprivation-appropriate responses when each drug/dose was injected (i.p.) 15 min prior to deprivation (27 hours) testing. Norfenfluramine was 1.5 times more potent than fenfluramine which was 1.5 times more potent than amphetamine.
Schechter M D
Life sciences
1990
1905-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(90)90561-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0024-3205(90)90561-5</a>
An improved and rapid HPLC-EC method for the isocratic separation of amino acid neurotransmitters from brain tissue and microdialysis perfusates.
Dialysis; Male; Animals; Rats; *Brain Chemistry; Chromatography; Electrochemistry; Corpus Striatum/analysis; Amino Acids/*analysis; Neurotransmitter Agents/*analysis; Inbred Strains; High Pressure Liquid/*methods
An improved, HPLC with electrochemical detection method for the isocratic separation and determination of amino acids from post-mortem brain tissue and from microdialysates of awake-behaving animals is described. Optimal conditions that maximize stability, resolution, and sensitivity were determined for the pre-column derivatization of amino acids using o-phthalaldehyde and
Donzanti B A; Yamamoto B K
Life sciences
1988
1905-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(88)90267-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0024-3205(88)90267-6</a>
Hyperprolactinemia preferentially inhibits erectile function in adrenalectomized male rats.
Male; Animals; Chronic Disease; Body Weight; Rats; Testosterone/pharmacology; Adrenalectomy; Prolactin/blood/metabolism; *Penile Erection/drug effects; Hyperprolactinemia/*physiopathology; Luteinizing Hormone/blood/*metabolism; Pituitary Gland/transplantation; Inbred F344
To determine if the inhibitory effects of hyperprolactinemia on sexual arousal and serum LH levels could be dissociated from those on erectile function, copulatory behavior was examined in pituitary-grafted, adrenalectomized male rats that had been castrated and given 20mm subcutaneous testosterone implants. Whereas transplantation of three pituitaries under the kidney capsules inhibited mounting rates in intact animals, pituitary grafting did not significantly reduce mounting rates in the adrenalectomized group beyond the effect of adrenalectomy alone. In contrast, the effects of pituitary grafting on erectile function were enhanced in the adrenalectomized animals. Hyperprolactinemia also caused a significant reduction in serum LH, but only in the intact animals. These results suggest that: 1. the effects of hyperprolactinemia on erectile function occur independently from those on sexual arousal, and 2. the inhibitory effects of hyperprolactinemia on sexual arousal are linked to the effects of hyperprolactinemia on LH release.
Doherty P C; Wu D E; Matt K S
Life sciences
1990
1905-6
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(90)90227-i" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0024-3205(90)90227-i</a>
Serotonergic mediation of fenfluramine discriminative stimuli in fawn-hooded rats.
*Discrimination Learning; 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/pharmacology; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship; Drug; Fenfluramine/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Fluoxetine/pharmacology; Ibogaine/pharmacology; Male; Methoxydimethyltryptamines/pharmacology; N-Methyl-3; Piperazines/pharmacology; Quipazine/pharmacology; Rats; Serotonin Agents/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Serotonin Receptor Agonists/pharmacology; Serotonin/*metabolism; Sprague-Dawley
Fenfluramine, a drug that induces increased synaptic serotonin, was used to train Fawn-Hooded rats in a drug discrimination paradigm. This strain of rats is thought to possess a genetic serotonin storage abnormality. The intent of the study was to see if the Fawn-Hooded rat was similar or dissimilar to the more frequently used strain of Sprague-Dawley rat in its ability to learn to discriminate 2.0 mg/kg fenfluramine administered intraperitoneally. In addition, drugs presumed to work upon central serotonergic neurons were given to the fenfluramine-trained Fawn-Hooded rats to investigate if the cueing properties of the training drug generalized to other agents. Results indicate that the Fawn-Hooded rats learn to discriminate fenfluramine from its vehicle at the same rate, and with a similar sensitivity to lower doses, as do the Sprague-Dawley rats. Furthermore, fenfluramine was shown to completely generalize to MDMA (over 90%); TFMPP, m-CPP, quipazine and fluoxetine produced intermediate results (over 70%) and 5-MeODMT and ibogaine were vehicle-like (less than 70%). As these results coincide with those previously found in Sprague-Dawley rats, the conclusion is that the functional capacity to discriminate fenfluramine appears to be like that of other rat lines, and serotonergically-mediated, in the Fawn-Hooded rat. Suggestions to explain these results are offered and discussed.
Schechter M D
Life sciences
1997
1905-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(96)00668-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/s0024-3205(96)00668-6</a>
Phentermine+fenfluramine produce cocaine-like discriminative cues.
*Discrimination (Psychology); Animals; Cocaine/*pharmacology; Dose-Response Relationship; Drug; Fenfluramine/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Male; Phentermine/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Rats; Sprague-Dawley
Drug discrimination studies were conducted in six male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate the interoceptive cues produced by 10 mg/kg cocaine in an effort to investigate if there is stimulus generalization to phentermine or phentermine + fenfluramine. Once having reached criterion performance, these rats were tested with lower doses of cocaine and generated a typical dose-response curve allowing for calculation of an ED50 value: 2.798 mg/kg. Testing of phentermine in doses of 1.25-5.0 mg/kg indicated generalization with the highest dose producing 80% cocaine-appropriate responding and allowing for an ED50 value of 2.356 mg/kg. When the phentermine doses were tested in combination 2.0 mg/kg fenfluramine, however, there was an increase in the discriminability of the highest phentermine dose and a slight decrease in the ED50 value of the combination. Thus, administration of phentermine + fenfluramine, having both dopamine-releasing and serotonin-releasing properties, respectively, may mimic the neurochemical activity by which cocaine acts in the central nervous system and may possibly allow for cocaine-like effects as these two drugs see increased use in obesity control.
Schechter M D; McBurney D
Life sciences
1996
1905-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(96)00513-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/s0024-3205(96)00513-9</a>
Phenobarbital pre-treatment prevents kainic acid-induced impairments in acquisition learning.
Animal/drug effects; Animals; Behavior; Cues; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/*toxicity; GABA Modulators/*pharmacology; Kainic Acid/*antagonists & inhibitors/*toxicity; Learning/drug effects; Long-Evans; Male; Maze Learning/*drug effects; Memory/drug effects; Phenobarbital/*pharmacology; Rats; Seizures/chemically induced/prevention & control
This study examined the protective effect of phenobarbital on kainic acid-induced deficits in acquisition learning. A single kainic acid injection (9 mg/kg i.p.) was administered five days prior to testing using the Morris water maze test. Kainic acid produced deficits in the acquisition of spatial information observed as an increase in latency to a hidden escape platform. Daily phenobarbital treatment (20 mg/kg i.p.) initiated 45 minutes prior to the kainic acid injection blocked the kainic acid-induced deficits in acquisition learning. When daily phenobarbital treatment was initiated 2-3 hours after kainic acid seizure development it did not block the kainic acid induced-deficits in water maze performance. Daily administration of phenobarbital alone at the moderate concentration used in this study did not cause alterations in behavioral performance in the Morris water maze. These studies indicate that phenobarbital pre-treatment results in a behavioral neuroprotection against kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity.
Brown-Croyts L M; Caton P W; Radecki D T; McPherson S L
Life sciences
2000
2000-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00658-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00658-5</a>
Role of inflammation in the aging bones.
*Models; Aging; Aging/*physiology; Animals; Biological; Bone adaptation; Bone and Bones/cytology/immunology/*physiopathology; Bone Marrow Cells/physiology; Bone resorption; Cell Differentiation/*physiology; Cumulative Trauma Disorders/physiopathology; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammation/*physiopathology; Macrophages; Macrophages/*physiology; Osteoblasts; Osteoblasts/*physiology; Osteoclasts; Osteoclasts/*physiology
Chronic inflammation in aging is characterized by increased inflammatory cytokines, bone loss, decreased adaptation, and defective tissue repair in response to injury. Aging leads to inherent changes in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation, resulting in impaired osteoblastogenesis. Also, the pro-inflammatory cytokines increase with aging, leading to enhanced myelopoiesis and osteoclastogenesis. Bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) play pivotal roles in osteoblast differentiation, the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and subsequent bone repair. However, during aging, little is known about the role of macrophages in the differentiation and function of MSC and HSC. Aged mammals have higher circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines than young adults, supporting the hypothesis of increased inflammation with aging. This review will aid in the understanding of the potential role(s) of pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages in differentiation and function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in relation to aging.
Abdelmagid Samir M; Barbe Mary F; Safadi Fayez F
Life sciences
2015
2015-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.011" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.011</a>
Isradipine produces neither a conditioned place preference nor aversion.
Animals; Cocaine/*pharmacology; Conditioning; Isradipine/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Male; Operant/*drug effects; Rats; Sprague-Dawley
Isradipine (ISR) has been reported to block cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. Using this procedure, the pairing of this L-type calcium blocker, at doses of 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg/kg, with a preferred (cue-distinct) environment was investigated. In a separate experiment, ISR injection (10 mg/kg) was paired with the less-preferred environment to determine whether ISR produces a place preference. Testing in the non-drugged state revealed that ISR conditioning failed to affect side preference in both experiments. The neutral affective properties of ISR may be relevant to the development of cocaine use/abuse treatment regimens.
Calcagnetti D J; Schechter M D
Life sciences
1994
1905-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(94)00705-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0024-3205(94)00705-5</a>
Discriminative effects of cocaethylene in rats trained to discriminate cocaine or ethanol.
Animals; Cocaine/*analogs & derivatives/*pharmacology; Discrimination Learning/*drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship; Drug; Drug Interactions; Ethanol/*pharmacology; Inbred Strains; Male; Rats
Two groups of rats were trained to discriminate between the stimulus properties of either intraperitoneally administered 10.0 mg/kg cocaine or 60 mg/kg ethanol and its vehicle in a two-lever operant chamber. Once trained, both groups exhibited a dose-related decrease in discriminative performance when tested with lower doses. A dose of 10 mg/kg cocaine, as well as doses of 10-30 mg/kg cocaethylene, in the ethanol-trained animals produced no greater than 38.9% responding on the ethanol-appropriate lever. Combinations of the approximate ethanol ED50 dose with either 10 mg/kg cocaine or 20 mg/kg cocaethylene did not increase ethanol lever responding. In contrast, in the cocaine-trained animals, administration of cocaethylene produced dose-responsive cocaine-like discrimination with 30 mg/kg producing 88.9% responding on the cocaine-appropriate lever. In addition, 600 mg/kg ethanol co-administered with a (2.5 mg/kg) dose of cocaine that was poorly discriminated produced 85% of responses on the cocaine-appropriate lever. The peak effect of cocaine and cocaethylene were observed to occur in 15-30 min post-administration with cocaine choice behavior decreasing at a faster rate than seen for cocaethylene discrimination. Results are discussed in light of ethanol and cocaine producing a heightened, as well as prolonged, euphoria in humans.
Schechter M D
Life sciences
1994
1905-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(94)00638-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0024-3205(94)00638-5</a>
Blockade of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference: relevance to cocaine abuse therapeutics.
Animals; Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology/therapeutic use; Cocaine/*antagonists & inhibitors; Conditioning (Psychology)/*drug effects; Humans; Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology; Serotonin Antagonists/pharmacology; Substance-Related Disorders/*drug therapy
Conditioned place preference/aversion testing is a behavioral method believed capable of measuring the affective (positive, neutral or negative) properties of psychoactive drugs. Cocaine injections in rats reliably produces a positive place preference. Drugs that attenuate or block this effect of cocaine have obvious potential for developing treatments to address cocaine addiction as well as to add to the scientific understanding of the mechanism of cocaine's action at the cellular level. To date, six drugs have been reported to block the expression of a cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and this review evidences the cocaine-induced CPP blockage by the two potent L-type calcium channel blockers, isradipine and nifedipine, the two serotonin-3 receptor antagonists, MDL72222 and ICS205-930, the delta opioid receptor selective antagonist naltrindole, and lastly, a mixed opioid agonist-antagonist buprenorphine. Additional evidence relating to the blockade of other cocaine behavioral effects by these putative blockers is addressed, where appropriate, from studies employing other procedures such as drug stimulus discrimination, self-administration, electrical brain stimulation and increases in locomotor activity. The significance of these findings is discussed in the context of their relevance to the development of treatment regimens to allow for cessation of cocaine abuse.
Calcagnetti D J; Keck B J; Quatrella L A; Schechter M D
Life sciences
1995
1905-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(94)00414-n" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0024-3205(94)00414-n</a>