Ethics and micromanaged care.
*Ethics; *Managed Care Programs; *Risk Assessment; Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use; Dermatology/*standards; Disclosure; Foot Dermatoses/drug therapy; Health Care and Public Health; Humans; Itraconazole/therapeutic use; Male; Medical; Middle Aged; Onychomycosis/drug therapy; Professional Patient Relationship; Tinea Pedis/drug therapy; United States
The ethical foundation on which my medical practice is based was recently shaken by an episode involving the intrusion of managed care into my practice. With the patient's informed consent, I prescribed a medication that I knew would not work.
Brodell R T
Archives of dermatology
1996
1996-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.132.9.1013" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1001/archderm.132.9.1013</a>
The electronic medical record in dermatology.
Computerized/organization & administration; Cost Savings; Dermatology/*organization & administration; Electronic Health Records/*organization & administration; Female; Health Care Costs; Humans; Male; Medicaid/*economics; Medical Records Systems; Medicare/*economics; Program Development; Program Evaluation; United States
Governmental incentives to stimulate the "meaningful use" of electronic medical records and future disincentives for Medicaid and Medicare provide an impetus for dermatologists to consider adding this technology to their clinical practice. Dermatologists should carefully weigh the pros and cons of establishing an electronic medical record system before incorporating this expensive technology. This article reviews available scientific and economic data required for dermatologists to help make an informed choice.
Grosshandler Joshua A; Tulbert Brittain; Kaufmann Mark D; Bhatia Ashish; Brodell Robert T
Archives of dermatology
2010
2010-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2010.229" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1001/archdermatol.2010.229</a>
Practice Gaps. Skin cancer detection in hair salons: opportunity knocking: comment on "Skin cancer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in the salon".
*Barbering; *Health Knowledge; Attitudes; Basal Cell/*psychology; Carcinoma; Female; Humans; Male; Melanoma/*psychology; Practice; Skin Neoplasms/*psychology; Squamous Cell/*psychology
Mostow Eliot N
Archives of dermatology
2011
2011-10
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/archdermatol.2011.282" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1001/archdermatol.2011.282</a>
Effect of a standardized pharyngitis treatment protocol on use of antibiotics in a pediatric emergency department.
*Emergency Service; *Practice Guidelines as Topic; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use; Child; Cohort Studies; Dose-Response Relationship; Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hospital; Hospitals; Humans; Male; Pediatric; Pharyngitis/*drug therapy/*microbiology; Preschool; Streptococcal Infections/*drug therapy/microbiology; Treatment Outcome
BACKGROUND: Pharyngitis is a common complaint in pediatric patients. If clinical parameters are used alone, bacterial pathogens will be wrongly implicated in many cases. A nonstandardized approach to the treatment of children with pharyngitis in an emergency department setting may lead to inappropriate empirical therapy, contribute to increased bacterial resistance, and result in adverse events related to the treatment provided. OBJECTIVE: To implement evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of children with pharyngitis in an emergency department setting and thereby influence practices of prescribing antibiotics. DESIGN AND METHODS: An evidence-based guideline for the evaluation and treatment of patients with pharyngitis was developed and implemented in our emergency department. Preintervention and postintervention patient cohorts were identified by a search of the emergency department's clinical repository. A medical record review was performed using a standardized data abstraction form (history and examination data, diagnostic testing, and therapy provided). Treatment decisions were judged as appropriate if the diagnosis of pharyngitis caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci was based on confirmatory microbiological testing rather than on the history and physical examination findings alone. RESULTS: We included 443 patients for study (219 preintervention and 224 postintervention). In the preintervention group, 97 (44%) of 214 received appropriate treatment. In the postintervention group, 204 (91%) of 224 received appropriate treatment. CONCLUSION: An evidence-based clinical guideline can influence and improve practices of prescribing antibiotics by pediatric emergency physicians in a teaching hospital setting.
Diaz Maria Carmen G; Symons Nadine; Ramundo Maria L; Christopher Norman C
Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
2004
2004-10
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.10.977" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1001/archpedi.158.10.977</a>
Prevalence of Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescriptions Among US Ambulatory Care Visits, 2010-2011.
Adolescence; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Care – Statistics and Numerical Data; Ambulatory Care/*statistics & numerical data; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use; Antibiotics – Therapeutic Use; Child; Female; Health Care Surveys; Human; Humans; Inappropriate Prescribing – Statistics and Numerical Data; Inappropriate Prescribing/*statistics & numerical data; Infant; Male; Middle Age; Middle Aged; Newborn; Otitis Media; Otitis Media – Drug Therapy; Pharyngitis – Drug Therapy; Pharyngitis/drug therapy; Physicians'/*statistics & numerical data; Practice Patterns; Preschool; Prevalence; Respiratory Tract Infections – Drug Therapy; Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy; Suppurative/*drug therapy; Surveys; United States
IMPORTANCE: The National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria set a goal of reducing inappropriate outpatient antibiotic use by 50% by 2020, but the extent of inappropriate outpatient antibiotic use is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the rates of outpatient oral antibiotic prescribing by age and diagnosis, and the estimated portions of antibiotic use that may be inappropriate in adults and children in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Using the 2010-2011 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, annual numbers and population-adjusted rates with 95% confidence intervals of ambulatory visits with oral antibiotic prescriptions by age, region, and diagnosis in the United States were estimated. EXPOSURES: Ambulatory care visits. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Based on national guidelines and regional variation in prescribing, diagnosis-specific prevalence and rates of total and appropriate antibiotic prescriptions were determined. These rates were combined to calculate an estimate of the appropriate annual rate of antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 population. RESULTS: Of the 184,032 sampled visits, 12.6% of visits (95% CI, 12.0%-13.3%) resulted in antibiotic prescriptions. Sinusitis was the single diagnosis associated with the most antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 population (56 antibiotic prescriptions [95% CI, 48-64]), followed by suppurative otitis media (47 antibiotic prescriptions [95% CI, 41-54]), and pharyngitis (43 antibiotic prescriptions [95% CI, 38-49]). Collectively, acute respiratory conditions per 1000 population led to 221 antibiotic prescriptions (95% CI, 198-245) annually, but only 111 antibiotic prescriptions were estimated to be appropriate for these conditions. Per 1000 population, among all conditions and ages combined in 2010-2011, an estimated 506 antibiotic prescriptions (95% CI, 458-554) were written annually, and, of these, 353 antibiotic prescriptions were estimated to be appropriate antibiotic prescriptions. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In the United States in 2010-2011, there was an estimated annual antibiotic prescription rate per 1000 population of 506, but only an estimated 353 antibiotic prescriptions were likely appropriate, supporting the need for establishing a goal for outpatient antibiotic stewardship.
Fleming-Dutra Katherine E; Hersh Adam L; Shapiro Daniel J; Bartoces Monina; Enns Eva A; File Thomas M Jr; Finkelstein Jonathan A; Gerber Jeffrey S; Hyun David Y; Linder Jeffrey A; Lynfield Ruth; Margolis David J; May Larissa S; Merenstein Daniel; Metlay Joshua P; Newland Jason G; Piccirillo Jay F; Roberts Rebecca M; Sanchez Guillermo V; Suda Katie J; Thomas Ann; Woo Teri Moser; Zetts Rachel M; Hicks Lauri A
JAMA
2016
2016-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.4151" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1001/jama.2016.4151</a>
Recognition of leukemia in skeletal remains: report and comparison of two cases.
Acute/*pathology; Archaeology; Bone and Bones/diagnostic imaging/*pathology; Child; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Middle Aged; Museums; Myeloid; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/*pathology; Preschool; Radiography; Skull/diagnostic imaging/pathology; Spine/diagnostic imaging/pathology
Recognition of disease in the archeologic record is facilitated by characterization of the skeletal impact of documented (in life) disease. The present study describes the osteological manifestations of leukemia as identified in the skeletons of two individuals diagnosed during life: a 3-year-old black girl with acute lymphocytic leukemia and a 60-year-old white male with acute myelogenous leukemia in the Hamann-Todd collection. Contrasting with the lack of specificity of radiologic findings, macroscopic skeletal changes appear sufficiently specific to allow distinguishing leukemia from other forms of cancer. While leukemia appears confidently diagnosable, distinguishing among the varieties (e.g., myelogenous and lymphocytic) does not appear possible at this time. Skeletal findings in leukemia are presented in tabular form to facilitate their application to future diagnosis of the disease in the archaeological record.
Rothschild B M; Hershkovitz I; Dutour O; Latimer B; Rothschild C; Jellema L M
American journal of physical anthropology
1997
1997-04
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199704)102:4%3C481::AID-AJPA5%3E3.0.CO;2-V" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199704)102:4%3C481::AID-AJPA5%3E3.0.CO;2-V</a>
Clues potentially distinguishing lytic lesions of multiple myeloma from those of metastatic carcinoma.
*Paleopathology; Diagnosis; Differential; Female; Humans; Leukemia/*pathology; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Myeloma/*pathology; Neoplasm Metastasis/*pathology
This study was conducted to determine whether individual bony lesions are specific for recognizing multiple myeloma and thereby distinguish it from metastatic cancer and leukemia. The lytic skeletal lesions of multiple myeloma are characterized by sharply defined, spheroid lesions. They have smooth borders and effaced/erased trabeculae. Unique spheroid myeloma lesions appear to be responsible for the "punched out" appearance of affected bone. The total absence of remodeling in myeloma forms a contrast to irregular preservation of trabeculae and buttressing, isolated "fronts of" cortical bone "resorption" coalescing to confluence, and the "golf-ball surface" phenomenon observed in metastatic cancer. The uniform effacement of both cortical and trabecular bone in multiple myeloma also contrasts with some cortical preservation in metastatic cancer. Leukemic lesions are more numerous than those of myeloma, but they lack the latter's "space-occupied" appearance. The relatively small holes and "fronts of resorption" of leukemia are quite different from the "space-occupied" lesions of multiple myeloma. Uniform size is a characteristic traditionally attributed to the bone lesions of multiple myeloma. The occurrence of isolated examples of uniform size lesions in metastatic cancer and of variable size lesions in some individuals with multiple myeloma precludes unequivocal use of size in differential diagnosis. Fortunately, the newly recognized macroscopic characteristics appear to separate multiple myeloma from metastatic cancer, and also distinguish myeloma from leukemia.
Rothschild B M; Hershkovitz I; Dutour O
American journal of physical anthropology
1998
1998-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199802)105:2%3C241::AID-AJPA10%3E3.0.CO;2-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199802)105:2%3C241::AID-AJPA10%3E3.0.CO;2-0</a>
Age-related size reduction of foramina in the cribriform plate.
80 and over; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aging/*physiology; Analysis of Variance; Ethmoid Bone/*anatomy & histology; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Olfactory Nerve/anatomy & histology; Sex Distribution; Smell/physiology
Anecdotal evidence suggests that the foramina of the cribriform plate which transmit cranial nerve I decrease in size with age, but this finding has never been supported with quantitative data. It has also been observed that olfactory function declines with increasing age. It has been hypothesized that the cribriform plate foramina closure may be responsible for the olfactory performance decrease with age. We gathered quantitative data to test an age-related decline in cribriform plate foramina area. We report data for the area of patent foramina in the posterior 1 cm of 57 cribriform plates from 40 skulls of known age and sex. Analyses were performed to test for the effects of age, sex, and lateralization on foramina area. The area of patent foramina in the cribriform plate decreases with increasing age. Age is a strong covariate with foramina area (P value = 0.0025). The regression equation for the area of patent foramina is: expected area = 8.17 - (0.06) age. Adding the variable sex does not contribute significantly (P value \textgreater 0.28) to the model which utilizes age alone. Nor was there any significant lateralization in patent foramina area. The area of patent foramina in the cribriform plate decreases with increasing age, and there is no significant difference between males and females or left and right sides. Such decreases in patent foramina may be associated with impaired olfactory function in the aged.
Kalmey J K; Thewissen J G; Dluzen D E
The Anatomical record
1998
1998-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199807)251:3%3C326::aid-ar7%3E3.0.co;2-t" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199807)251:3%3C326::aid-ar7%3E3.0.co;2-t</a>
Quantifying rat pulmonary intravascular mononuclear phagocytes.
*Pulmonary Circulation/physiology; Animals; Cell Count; Cell Separation; Collagenases/metabolism; Indoles/pharmacology; Lung/blood supply/cytology; Male; Microspheres; Organometallic Compounds/pharmacology; Phagocytes/*physiology/ultrastructure; Phagocytosis/*physiology; Polystyrenes; Rats; Sprague-Dawley
Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) protect the host by clearing effete and foreign particulates from the circulation. The current study was designed to identify, quantify, harvest, and provide a partial functional characterization of the systemic host-defense cell located in the pulmonary microvasculature of the rat. Critical colloid doses of test particulates (monastral blue B [MBB] or polystyrene beads) were infused intra-arterially into anesthetized rats so that phagocytically active pulmonary intravascular phagocytes could be identified. Morphologic characterization of in situ phagocytes was performed using electron microscopy. The number of active phagocytes was then determined using tissue samples processed for light microscopy. Finally, sequential perfusion of the pulmonary vasculature with buffer, chelating agent, and collagenase allowed elution and preliminary functional characterization of the pulmonary intravascular mononuclear phagocyte (PIMP). Electron microscopy demonstrated that both mononuclear phagocytes and neutrophils contributed to pulmonary sequestration of circulating particulates. Light microscopy showed that the microvasculature of each alveolus contained 0.50+/-0.19 active mononuclear phagocytes and 0.14+/-0.12 active neutrophils. A chelation/collagenase elution technique was then used to harvest the PIMP. Histologic evaluation of the postperfusion lungs indicated that 80% of the active phagocytes were removed by the technique. In total, the elution fluids contained 2.63+/-1.04 x 10(7) cells, with 1.60+/-0.78 x 10(7), 0.49+/-0.17 x 10(7), and 0.54+/-0.26 x 10(7) of those cells being mononuclear phagocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, respectively. Functionally, the mononuclear phagocyte population exhibited a spectrum of phagocytic activities, with 51.5+/-19.5% of the cells being inactive, 33.9+/-13.4% exhibiting moderate phagocytic activity, and 14.6+/-9.8% demonstrating intensive phagocytic capacity. The current study provides the first quantified demonstration that mononuclear phagocytes are primarily responsible for sequestering blood-borne foreign particulates in the pulmonary circulation of the rat. Approximately 2 x 10(7) PIMP existed in the lungs of 300 gram rats. The functionally heterogeneous mononuclear phagocytes exhibited phagocytic capacities ranging from avidly phagocytic (14.6+/-9.8%) through moderately active (33.9+/-13.4%) to inactive. The lung microvasculature's large pool of inactive mononuclear phagocytes may provide a recruitable mechanism to allow significant increases in clearance of circulating particulates. A resident pool of activatable mononuclear phagocytes might explain previous clinical observations of increased particulate localization in the lung microvasculature of septic patients.
Niehaus G D; Mehendale S R
The Anatomical record
1998
1998-12
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199812)252:4%3C626::AID-AR13%3E3.0.CO;2-M" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199812)252:4%3C626::AID-AR13%3E3.0.CO;2-M</a>
Inhibition of dopamine and choline acetyltransferase concentrations in rat CNS neurons by rat alpha 1- and alpha 2-macroglobulins.
alpha-Macroglobulins/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Animals; Cells; Choline O-Acetyltransferase/*antagonists & inhibitors; Corpus Striatum/drug effects/*enzymology/metabolism; Cultured; Dopamine Antagonists/*pharmacology; Dopamine/analysis/*metabolism; Enzyme Activation/drug effects; Injections; Intraventricular; Male; Neurons/drug effects/*enzymology/metabolism; Rats; Serotonin/pharmacology; Sprague-Dawley; Stereotaxic Techniques
Previous studies have implicated human alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) as a potential regulator of neuronal development and function. Rat alpha-1-macroglobulin (alpha1M) and acute-phase alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) are murine homologues of human alpha2M. In this report, we tested the effect of intracranially infused serotonin-activated rat alpha1M (5HT-alpha1M) on the concentration of dopamine (DA) in the corpus striatum in vivo and the effect of
Hu Y Q; Liebl D J; Dluzen D E; Koo P H
Journal of neuroscience research
1998
1998-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19980215)51:4%3C541::AID-JNR14%3E3.0.CO;2-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19980215)51:4%3C541::AID-JNR14%3E3.0.CO;2-6</a>
NMDA receptor-independent LTP in basal versus apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells in rat hippocampal slice.
Animals; Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology; Dendrites/*physiology; Electric Stimulation; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology; Genistein/pharmacology; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology; In Vitro Techniques; Inbred Strains; Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects/*physiology; Male; N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*physiology; Phenols/pharmacology; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology; Rats; Receptors; Verapamil/pharmacology
The ability of hippocampal CA1 basal synapses to express N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-independent long-term potentiation (non-NMDA LTP) was studied and compared to the simultaneously induced apical dendritic non-NMDA LTP. Non-NMDA LTP in basal and apical dendrites was induced using stimulation pattern similar to the sharp wave-associated CA3 bursts. Basal dendritic non-NMDA LTP was input-specific and displayed similar development and magnitude to the apical dendritic non-NMDA LTP. Both apical and basal dendritic non-NMDA potentiations were inhibited by the voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) inhibitor verapamil and the tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein and levandustin A. However, the difference in the degree and time course of these inhibitions suggests involvement of distinct mechanisms in the two dendritic subfields.
Cavus I; Teyler T J
Hippocampus
1998
1905-6
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1998)8:4%3C373::AID-HIPO5%3E3.0.CO;2-I" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1998)8:4%3C373::AID-HIPO5%3E3.0.CO;2-I</a>
Survey of cadaveric donors to a body donation program: 1978-1993.
*Cadaver; 80 and over; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anatomy/education; Education; Female; Humans; Male; Medical/standards; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Tissue Donors/*statistics & numerical data
Body donation files from the Department of Anatomy at Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine were reviewed from the 569 donors used in our program from 1978-1993. The data were entered into a computerized database to evaluate the characteristics of people who have contributed to the body donation program for cadaveric dissection. The purpose of this review was to reveal a profile of the people who have contributed to our program and enable us to identify any deficiencies or disproportionate representation of donors which can be used when targeting future applicants. Donors to our program were predominantly male (58%), although there was a clear trend for increasing numbers of females over the latter period of the program. Donors were almost exclusively white (98%) with an average age at death of 73 years (range 18-98 years). The combination cardiovascular (46%), cancer (27%), and pulmonary dysfunction (16%) accounted for nearly all deaths of our donors. Approximately half of the donors (49%) were married and they completed an average of 12.5 years of education. The typical donor bequested at, or near, the time of death. From these data we conclude that certain characteristics of our donors can be primarily attributable to the population base of our sample. Other characteristics, for example, gender, age at death of females, and educational level, show marked departures from population values and suggest some unique attributes of our donors. Bequests to our body donation program do not appear to represent a long-term plan, but rather a decision made just prior to death.
Dluzen D E; Brammer C M; Bernard J C; Keyser M L
Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.)
1996
1996
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1996)9:3%3C183::AID-CA10%3E3.0.CO;2-N" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1996)9:3%3C183::AID-CA10%3E3.0.CO;2-N</a>
Survey of cadaveric donor application files: 1978-1993.
*Cadaver; 80 and over; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anatomy/education; Continental Population Groups; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Ohio; Organ Transplantation/statistics & numerical data; Registries/*statistics & numerical data; Retrospective Studies; Sex Factors; Tissue and Organ Procurement/*statistics & numerical data; Tissue Donors/*statistics & numerical data
Information derived from application files of potential cadaveric donors to our body donation program from the period of 1978-1993 was entered into a customized database to assess the characteristics of people contributing to such a program. A total of 1,267 application files were reviewed and the following information analyzed: 1) year of application submission, 2) age, 3) sex, 4) race, 5) marital status, 6) education, 7) occupation, and 8) disposition of cremains (return or not to family). Overall the typical body donor applicant to our program was likely to be a white married female homemaker of about 70 years of age. She was a high school graduate and chose not to have her cremains returned to her family. The males closely follow the above mentioned characteristics (with the exception of occupation), but were outnumbered by females in nearly every category throughout the span of our analysis. An analysis of the application numbers over the 15 year period of our survey indicated a reduction in applications during the period of 1982-1984 and a linear increase of applicant numbers from 1989 to 1993. Finally, we observed a tendency for married couples to donate together with 32.1% of our married applicants showing this phenomenon.
Lagwinski M; Bernard J C; Keyser M L; Dluzen D E
Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.)
1998
1998
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1998)11:4%3C253::AID-CA6%3E3.0.CO;2-S" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/(SICI)1098-2353(1998)11:4%3C253::AID-CA6%3E3.0.CO;2-S</a>
Multiple binding sites for [125I]RTI-121 and other cocaine analogs in rat frontal cerebral cortex.
*Membrane Transport Proteins; *Nerve Tissue Proteins; *Symporters; Animals; Binding; Binding Sites; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism; Cocaine/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacokinetics; Competitive; Corpus Striatum/*metabolism; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Dopamine/metabolism; Frontal Lobe/*metabolism; Iodine Radioisotopes/*pharmacokinetics; Kinetics; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins/*metabolism; Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Norepinephrine/metabolism; Rats; Regression Analysis; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Serotonin/metabolism; Sprague-Dawley
In an effort to identify novel binding sites for cocaine and its analogs, we carried out binding studies with the high-affinity and selective ligand [125I]RTI-121 in rat frontal cortical tissue. Very low densities of binding sites were found. Saturation analysis revealed that the binding was to both high- and low-affinity sites. Pharmacological competition studies were carried out with inhibitors of the dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters. The various transporter inhibitors inhibited the binding of 15 pM [125I]RTI-121 in a biphasic fashion following a two-site binding model. The resultant data were complex and did not suggest a simple association with any single transporter. Correlational analysis supported the following hypothesis: [125I] RTI-121 binds to known transporters and not to novel sites; these include dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters. Immunoprecipitation of transporters photoaffinity labeled with [125]RTI-82 and subsequent analysis of SDS-page gels revealed the presence of authentic dopamine transporters in these samples; displacement of the photoaffinity label occurred with a typical dopamine transporter pharmacology. These data are compatible with the binding properties of RTI-121 and the presence of several known transporters in the tissue studied.
Boja J W; Carroll F I; Vaughan R A; Kopajtic T; Kuhar M J
Synapse (New York, N.Y.)
1998
1998-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(199809)30:1%3C9::AID-SYN2%3E3.0.CO;2-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(199809)30:1%3C9::AID-SYN2%3E3.0.CO;2-7</a>
Castration differentially alters [3H]nisoxetine binding to norepinephrine uptake sites in olfactory bulb and frontal cortex of male rats.
*Orchiectomy; Adrenergic/drug effects/*metabolism; Animals; Fluoxetine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism; Frontal Lobe/drug effects/*metabolism; Kinetics; Male; Norepinephrine/metabolism; Olfactory Bulb/drug effects/*metabolism; Rats; Receptors; Sprague-Dawley; Synaptosomes/drug effects/metabolism; Testosterone/pharmacology
In the present study, [3H]nisoxetine binding to norepinephrine (NE) uptake sites and [3H]norepinephrine uptake were investigated within olfactory bulb (OB) and frontal cortex homogenates from intact and castrated male rats. Statistically significant reductions in the number of [3H]nisoxetine binding sites (Bmax) were found in OB from the castrates, while significantly increased Bmax values were obtained in the frontal cortex. Castration also significantly altered the affinity (Kd) of [3H]nisoxetine binding in the frontal cortex, but not in the OB. Assessment of [3H]norepinephrine uptake showed that in neither brain regions were there any statistically significant differences in Km nor Vmax between the castrated and intact male rats, indicating that the basal uptake process is not changed following castration in either of these brain areas. These results demonstrate the differential effects of castration upon [3H]nisoxetine binding sites between the OB and frontal cortex. Such findings provide new evidence for one of the mechanisms by which androgens may modulate central noradrenergic activity.
Shang Y; Boja J W; Dluzen D E
Synapse (New York, N.Y.)
1999
1999-03
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(19990315)31:4%3C250::AID-SYN2%3E3.0.CO;2-Z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(19990315)31:4%3C250::AID-SYN2%3E3.0.CO;2-Z</a>
Antigenic stimulation and multiple myeloma. A prospective study.
Adult; Aged; Antigens/*immunology; Autoimmune Diseases/complications; Bacterial Infections/complications; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity/complications; Inflammation/complications; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Myeloma/*etiology/immunology; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Sampling Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires
BACKGROUND: A causal relationship between antigenic conditions and multiple myeloma was suggested by case reports. Although controlled studies identified associations with individual conditions, they failed to give overall support to the hypothesis. Using a prospective cohort representative of the U.S. population, the authors hypothesized that immune-stimulating conditions are a risk factor for multiple myeloma. METHODS: The First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cohort of 14,407 persons were interviewed from 1971 to 1975 by the National Center for Health Statistics. Vital status with cause of death and hospitalizations were ascertained from 1982 to 1985 and in 1986. From the initial questionnaire, four risk factors were constructed: allergies (asthma, hives, hay fever, food allergies, and other allergies); autoimmune conditions (arthritis, thyroid disease and/or medication, rheumatic fever, diabetes, pernicious anemia); chronic bacterial conditions (chronic bronchitis or emphysema, chronic cough, tuberculosis, ulcers); and inflammatory conditions (gout, gallstones, recurrent or chronic enteritis, pleurisy). RESULTS: Eighteen multiple myeloma (MM) cases were documented. The rate ratio (RR) of MM increased as the number of reported inflammatory conditions increased (one condition, RR = 2.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-3.3; 2 or more conditions, RR = 4.3, 95% CI = 1.5-12.4). The RR of myeloma also increased (P = 0.0002) with time since start of inflammatory conditions (RR = 1.6 for every 10 years of exposure). When cases were restricted to those with more than five years of follow-up, myeloma risk increased with the number of inflammatory conditions (two conditions, RR = 4.6, 95% CI = 1.5-13.8). CONCLUSIONS: Although the number of cases is small and exposure may be misclassified, the prospective nature of the study design strengthens the results of the study.
Bourguet C C; Logue EE
Cancer
1993
1993-10
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19931001)72:7%3C2148::aid-cncr2820720714%3E3.0.co;2-q" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/1097-0142(19931001)72:7%3C2148::aid-cncr2820720714%3E3.0.co;2-q</a>
Pseudogout following intraarticular injection of sodium hyaluronate.
Chondrocalcinosis/*chemically induced; Contraindications; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid/*adverse effects; Injections; Intra-Articular; Knee Joint/drug effects/physiopathology; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis/*drug therapy; Pain/drug therapy
Luzar M J; Altawil B
Arthritis and rheumatism
1998
1998-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(199805)41:5%3C939::AID-ART24%3E3.0.CO;2-D" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/1529-0131(199805)41:5%3C939::AID-ART24%3E3.0.CO;2-D</a>
Endocardial surface and atrial morphological changes during development and aging.
*Aging; Animals; Cricetinae; Electron; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Endocardium/embryology/growth & development/*ultrastructure; Endothelium/ultrastructure; Female; Heart Atria/embryology/growth & development/*ultrastructure; Male; Mesocricetus; Microscopy; Microvilli/ultrastructure; Pregnancy; Scanning
Light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopic observations related to morphological changes of the right atrium as well as the atrial endocardium during development (15th embryonic day and 1 day old) and aging (560 days old) in the Syrian hamster were described and correlated. From the fetus to the adult, the atrial endocardium differentiates in parallel with, or in response to, the subjacent proliferating myocytes in the atrial wall and the trabeculae. Simultaneously, the atrium compartmentalizes grossly into a main chamber and an appendicular region. There is a progressive differentiation from a rudimentary, open chamber with primitive mural ridges in the fetal atria to a distinct, separate, atrial main chamber and appendage with a dense network of trabeculae in the adult. The fetal and neonatal endocardial, endothelial cells are convex with a central nuclear bulging and attenuated cytoplasmic extensions; the adult endocardium shows a squamous endothelium. Two cell surface specializations were observed in all age groups: microvilli and blebs or cytoplasmic protrusions. The general atrial morphology and surface endocardial changes were correlated with growth and the role of the endocardial endothelium as a barrier which controls metabolic exchanges, including the transport of atrial natriuretic factor, between the myocytes and the blood. This endothelial function appears to be essential in the fetal and neonatal age groups since no blood vessels are detected in these groups.
Gilloteaux J; Linz D
The American journal of anatomy
1989
1989-10
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001860206" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/aja.1001860206</a>
Skeletal clues apparently distinguishing Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia from multiple myeloma and leukemia.
Bone and Bones/diagnostic imaging/*pathology; Diagnosis; Differential; Humans; Leukemia/*diagnosis/pathology; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Myeloma/*diagnosis/pathology; Radiography; Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/*diagnosis/pathology
This study was conducted to characterize macroscopically and by conventional radiography the bony lesions in a case of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia and to compare and contrast it with those of the other major hematologic lymphoproliferative disorders, multiple myeloma and leukemia. Two varieties of lytic skeletal lesions were found in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. One was sharply defined, spheroid lesions with smooth borders and effaced/erased trabeculae. The second was in the form of coalescing pits (holes) with smooth, minimally remodeled edges. The appearance combined features of multiple myeloma and leukemia, but were mutually exclusive in those diseases. Spheroid lesions with effaced edges were absent in leukemia, while pits were absent in multiple myeloma. Fronts of resorption were not noted in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. The combination of some of the features of leukemia and myeloma appear to allow recognition of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.
Rothschild B M; Ruhli F; Rothschild C
American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council
2002
2002-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.10077" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajhb.10077</a>
Masseter electromyography during chewing in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta).
Animals; Bite Force; Electromyography/methods; Female; Lemur/*physiology; Male; Masseter Muscle/*physiology; Mastication/*physiology; Neurophysiological/physiology; Recruitment
We examined masseter recruitment and firing patterns during chewing in four adult ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), using electromyography (EMG). During chewing of tougher foods, the working-side superficial masseter tends to show, on average, 1.7 times more scaled EMG activity than the balancing-side superficial masseter. The working-side deep masseter exhibits, on average, 2.4 times the scaled EMG activity of the balancing-side deep masseter. The relatively larger activity in the working-side muscles suggests that ring-tailed lemurs recruit relatively less force from their balancing-side muscles during chewing. The superficial masseter working-to-balancing-side (W/B) ratio for lemurs overlaps with W/B ratios from anthropoid primates. In contrast, the lemur W/B ratio for the deep masseter is more similar to that of greater galagos, while both are significantly larger than W/B ratios of anthropoids. Because ring-tailed lemurs have unfused and hence presumably weaker symphyses, these data are consistent with the symphyseal fusion-muscle recruitment hypothesis stating that symphyseal fusion in anthropoids provides increased strength for resisting forces created by the balancing-side jaw muscles during chewing. Among the masseter muscles of ring-tailed lemurs, the working-side deep masseter peaks first on average, followed in succession by the balancing-side deep masseter, balancing-side superficial masseter, and finally the working-side superficial masseter. Ring-tailed lemurs are similar to greater galagos in that their balancing-side deep masseter peaks well before their working-side superficial masseter. We see the opposite pattern in anthropoids, where the balancing-side deep masseter peaks, on average, after the working-side superficial masseter. This late activity of the balancing-side deep masseter in anthropoids is linked to lateral-transverse bending, or wishboning, of their mandibular symphyses. Subsequently, the stresses incurred during wishboning are hypothesized to be a proximate reason for strengthening, and hence fusion, of the anthropoid symphysis. Thus, the absence of this muscle-firing pattern in ring-tailed lemurs with their weaker, unfused symphyses provides further correlational support for the symphyseal fusion late-acting balancing-side deep masseter hypothesis linking wishboning and symphyseal strengthening in anthropoids. The early peak activity of the working-side deep masseter in ring-tailed lemurs is unlike galagos and most similar to the pattern seen in macaques and baboons. We hypothesize that this early activity of the working-side deep masseter moves the lower jaw both laterally toward the working side and vertically upward, to position it for the upcoming power stroke. From an evolutionary perspective, the differences in peak firing times for the working-side deep masseter between ring-tailed lemurs and greater galagos indicate that deep masseter firing patterns are not conserved among strepsirrhines.
Vinyard Christopher J; Wall Christine E; Williams Susan H; Johnson Kirk R; Hylander William L
American journal of physical anthropology
2006
2006-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20307" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.20307</a>
An interspecific analysis of relative jaw-joint height in primates.
Analysis of Variance; Animals; Female; Haplorhini/*anatomy & histology; Male; Phylogeny; Posture/*physiology; Regression Analysis; Skull/anatomy & histology; Strepsirhini/*anatomy & histology; Temporomandibular Joint/*anatomy & histology
Jaw-joint height (JJH) above the occlusal plane is thought to be influenced by cranial base angle (CBA) and facial angulation during growth. To better understand how JJH relates to midline craniofacial form, we test the hypothesis that relative increases in JJH are correlated with increasing CBA flexion and facial kyphosis (i.e., ventral bending) across primates. We compared JJH above the occlusal plane to CBA and the angle of facial kyphosis (AFK) across adults from 82 species. JJH scales with positive allometry relative to a skull geometric mean in anthropoids and most likely strepsirrhines. Anthropoid regressions for JJH are elevated above strepsirrhines, whereas catarrhines exhibit a higher slope than platyrrhines. Semipartial correlations between relative JJH and both CBA and AFK show no association across a small strepsirrhine sample, limited associations among catarrhines and anthropoids, but strong correlations in platyrrhines. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, increases in relative JJH are correlated with relatively less flexed basicrania and more airorhynch faces (i.e., reduced ventral bending) in platyrrhines. The mosaic pattern of relationships involving JJH across primate clades points to multiple influences on JJH across primates. In clades showing little association with basicranial and facial angles, such as strepsirrhines, the potential morphological independence of JJH may facilitate a relative freedom for evolutionary changes related to masticatory function. Finally, failure to associate relative JJH and basicranial flexion in most clades suggests that the relatively taller JJH and more flexed basicrania of anthropoids compared to strepsirrhines may have evolved as an isolated event during the origin of anthropoids.
Armfield Brooke A; Vinyard Christopher J
American journal of physical anthropology
2010
2010-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21251" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.21251</a>
Angular momentum and arboreal stability in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).
Animals; Anthropology; Anthropometry; asymmetrical gaits; balance; Biomechanical Phenomena/*physiology; Callithrix/*physiology; center of mass; Gait/*physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Male; Physical; Postural Balance/physiology; primate locomotor evolution; torque; Torque
Despite the importance that concepts of arboreal stability have in theories of primate locomotor evolution, we currently lack measures of balance performance during primate locomotion. We provide the first quantitative data on locomotor stability in an arboreal primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), predicting that primates should maximize arboreal stability by minimizing side-to-side angular momentum about the support (i.e., Lsup ). If net Lsup becomes excessive, the animal will be unable to arrest its angular movement and will fall. Using a novel, highly integrative experimental procedure we directly measured whole-body Lsup in two adult marmosets moving along narrow (2.5 cm diameter) and broad (5 cm diameter) poles. Marmosets showed a strong preference for asymmetrical gaits (e.g., gallops and bounds) over symmetrical gaits (e.g., walks and runs), with asymmetrical gaits representing \textgreater90% of all strides. Movement on the narrow support was associated with an increase in more "grounded" gaits (i.e., lacking an aerial phase) and a more even distribution of torque production between the fore- and hind limbs. These adjustments in gait dynamics significantly reduced net Lsup on the narrow support relative to the broad support. Despite their lack of a well-developed grasping apparatus, marmosets proved adept at producing muscular "grasping" torques about the support, particularly with the hind limbs. We contend that asymmetrical gaits permit small-bodied arboreal mammals, including primates, to expand "effective grasp" by gripping the substrate between left and right limbs of a girdle. This model of arboreal stability may hold important implications for understanding primate locomotor evolution.
Chadwell Brad A; Young Jesse W
American journal of physical anthropology
2015
2015-04
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22683" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.22683</a>
Behavioral implications of ontogenetic changes in intrinsic hand and foot proportions in olive baboons (Papio Anubis).
*allometry; *early performance; *Foot/anatomy & histology/physiology; *grasping; *Hand/anatomy & histology/physiology; *locomotor development; *Papio anubis/anatomy & histology/physiology; *primate evolution; Animals; Anthropology; Female; Hand Strength/physiology; Locomotion; Male; Models; Physical; Statistical
OBJECTIVES: Relatively long digits are considered to enhance grasping performance in primates. We tested whether growth-related changes in intrinsic hand and foot proportions may have behavioral implications for growing animals, by examining whether ontogenetic changes in digital proportions are related to variation in voluntary grasping behaviors in baboons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Longitudinal morphological and behavioral data were collected on 6 captive olive baboons (Papio anubis) as they aged from 5 to 22 months. The length of digits and metapodials, measured from radiographs, were used to calculate phalangeal indices (i.e., PIs: summed length of non-distal phalanges relative to corresponding metapodial length). We also examined the allometric scaling of digital bones relative to body mass. We observed baboon positional behaviors over a 15-day period following the radiographic sessions, quantifying the frequency of forelimb and hindlimb grasping behaviors. RESULTS: PIs for all digits declined during growth, a result of the differential scaling of metapodials (which scaled to body mass with isometry) versus phalanges (which scaled with negative allometry). The incidence of forelimb and hindlimb grasping behaviors declined with age. Though we found no relationship between forelimb grasping and hand proportions, the incidence of hindlimb grasping was directly correlated with postaxial digit PIs. DISCUSSION: Only changes in the intrinsic proportions of the pedal digits are associated with variation in grasping activity in growing baboons. This finding accords previous biomechanical and neuroanatomical studies showing distinct functional roles for the hands and feet during primate locomotion, and has important implications for reconstructing primate locomotor evolution.
Druelle Francois; Young Jesse; Berillon Gilles
American journal of physical anthropology
2018
2018-01
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23331" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.23331</a>
Developments in development: What have we learned from primate locomotor ontogeny?
*allometry; *gait mechanics; *life history; *locomotor independence; *ontogeny; Animals; Anthropology; Biomechanical Phenomena/*physiology; Bone and Bones/physiology; Female; Gait/*physiology; Hand Strength/physiology; Humans; Locomotion/*physiology; Male; Phylogeny; Physical; Primates/*physiology
The importance of locomotion to evolutionary fitness has led to extensive study of primate locomotor behavior, morphology and ecology. Most previous research has focused on adult primates, but in the last few decades, increased attention to locomotor development has provided new insights toward our broader understanding of primate adaptation and evolution. Here, we review the contributions of this body of work from three basic perspectives. First, we assess possible determinants on the timing of locomotor independence, an important life history event. Significant influences on timing of locomotor independence include adult female body mass, age at weaning, and especially relative brain size, a significant predictor of other primate life history variables. Additionally, we found significant phylogenetic differences in the timing of locomotor independence, even accounting for these influences. Second, we discuss how structural aspects of primate growth may enhance the locomotor performance and safety of young primates, despite their inherent neuromotor and musculoskeletal limitations. For example, compared to adults, growing primates have greater muscle mechanical advantage, greater bone robusticity, and larger extremities with relatively long digits. Third, focusing on primate quadrupedalism, we provide examples that illustrate how ontogenetic transitions in morphology and locomotion can serve as a model system for testing broader principles underlying primate locomotor biomechanics. This approach has led to a better understanding of the key features that contribute to primates' stride characteristics, gait patterns, limb force distribution, and limb postures. We have learned a great deal from the study of locomotor ontogeny, but there is much left to explore. We conclude by offering guidelines for future research, both in the laboratory and the field.
Young Jesse W; Shapiro Liza J
American journal of physical anthropology
2018
2018-01
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23388" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.23388</a>
Seasonal and Ontogenetic Variation in Subcutaneous Adipose Of the Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus).
*Biological Evolution; *Seasons; Adaptation; Adipocytes/*cytology; adipose; Age Factors; Animals; Autopsy; blubber; bowhead; Bowhead Whale/*anatomy & histology/psychology; Cell Size; Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; ontogeny; Physiological; seasonal variation; Subcutaneous Fat/*cytology
Cetacean evolution was shaped by an extraordinary land-to-sea transition in which the ancestors of whales became fully aquatic. As part of this transition, these mammals evolved unusually thick blubber which acts as a metabolic reservoir as well as an insulator and provides buoyancy and streamlining. This study describes blubber stratification and correlates it to seasonal variation, feeding patterns, and ontogeny in an arctic-adapted mysticete, the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). Bowheads are unique among mammals for possessing the largest known blubber stores. We found that adipocyte numbers in bowheads, like other mammals, do not vary with season or feeding pattern but that adipocyte size and structural fiber densities do vary with blubber depth.
Ball Hope C; Stavarz Madeline; Oldaker Jonathan; Usip Sharon; Londraville Richard L; George John C; Thewissen Johnannes G M; Duff Robert Joel
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
2015
2015-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23125" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ar.23125</a>
Jaw-Muscle Fiber Architecture and Leverage in the Hard-Object Feeding Sooty Mangabey are not Structured to Facilitate Relatively Large Bite Forces Compared to Other Papionins.
*bite force; *Bite Force; *jaw gape; *jaw-adductor fiber length; *jaw-adductor PCSA; *sooty mangabeys; Adaptation; Animals; Cercocebus atys/*anatomy & histology/physiology; Diet; Female; Jaw/*anatomy & histology/physiology; Macaca/*anatomy & histology/physiology; Male; Masseter Muscle/*anatomy & histology/physiology; Mastication/*physiology; Papio/*anatomy & histology/physiology; Physiological
Numerous studies have sought to link craniofacial morphology with behavioral ecology in primates. Extant hard-object feeders have been of particular interest because of their potential to inform our understanding about the diets of early fossil hominins. Sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) are hard-object feeders that frequently generate what have been described as audibly powerful bites at wide jaw gapes to process materially stiff and hard seeds. We address the hypothesis that sooty mangabeys have features of the masticatory apparatus that facilitate this feeding behavior by comparing fiber architecture and leverage of the masseter and temporalis muscles between sooty mangabeys and three papionin primates that do not specialize on hard objects. Contrary to predictions, sooty mangabeys do not have relatively larger muscle physiologic cross-sectional areas or weights compared to other papionins, nor do they consistently display improved leverage. In this regard, sooty mangabeys differ in their morphology from other hard-object feeders such as tufted capuchins. However, males of all four papionin species converge on a shared pattern of relatively longer anterior superficial masseter fibers compared with female conspecifics, suggesting that males are likely prioritizing muscle stretch to improve gape performance as part of a behavioral repertoire that includes agonistic social interactions and intense male-male competition. These findings strengthen support for the hypothesis that gape display behaviors can exert a strong selective influence throughout the musculoskeletal masticatory apparatus. Results also raise questions about the morphological suitability of extant cercopithecines as models for interpreting feeding behavior and diet in fossil hominins with limited jaw gape capacity. Anat Rec, 301:325-342, 2018. (c) 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Taylor Andrea B; Terhune Claire E; Toler Maxx; Holmes Megan; Ross Callum F; Vinyard Christopher J
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
2018
2018-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23718" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ar.23718</a>
A comparison of the full and short versions of the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales.
*Disability Evaluation; *Severity of Illness Index; Activities of Daily Living; Adult; Aged; Arthritis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Reproducibility of Results; Rheumatoid/*diagnosis/rehabilitation
This study examined the validity and reliability of full and short versions of the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS). One hundred fifty-five patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis followed at a University Hospital Rheumatology Clinic completed the full AIMS at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months. After reducing the 45-item AIMS to 22, alpha reliabilities and test-retest correlations showed that, with the exception of test-retest correlations for mobility at 6 months and for pain at 12 and 18 months, the full and short scales were comparably reliable. Convergent validity correlations with theoretically related scales were also comparable. However, some of the short scales did not detect the same differences over time that the full scales did. Specifically, the short mobility, pain, anxiety, and depression scales were not as sensitive to change as the full scales. Except for these four scales, the short version appears to be a viable alternative for use by health professionals and researchers.
Lorish C D; Abraham N; Austin J S; Bradley L A; Alarcon G S
Arthritis care and research : the official journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association
1991
1991-12
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/art.1790040406" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/art.1790040406</a>
Ethnic/National origin influence on normal range of motion: comment on the article by Assassi et Al.
Academic Medical Centers; Anthropometry; Articular/*physiology; Ethnology; Female; Human; Humans; Male; Ohio; Range of Motion; Spine/*physiology
Rothschild Bruce
Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)
2015
2015-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/art.38943" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/art.38943</a>
MicroRNA-602 and microRNA-608 regulate sonic hedgehog expression via target sites in the coding region in human chondrocytes.
Academic Medical Centers; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Animal; Animals; Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery; Blotting; Cells; Chondrocytes – Physiology; Chondrocytes/drug effects/*metabolism/pathology; Cultured; Disease Models; Female; Funding Source; Gene Expression Regulation/genetics/*physiology; Hedgehog Proteins/genetics/*metabolism; HEK293 Cells; Human; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; In Vitro Techniques; Interleukin-1beta/pharmacology; Knee/etiology/*metabolism/pathology; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase 13/metabolism; MicroRNAs/genetics/*metabolism; Middle Age; Middle Aged; Ohio; Open Reading Frames/genetics/*physiology; Osteoarthritis; Osteoarthritis – Epidemiology; Osteoarthritis – Physiopathology; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rabbits; Signal Transduction/genetics/physiology; T-Tests; Transfection; Up-Regulation/drug effects/genetics/physiology; Western
OBJECTIVE: Hedgehog (HH) signaling has recently been associated with cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis (OA). Because interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) has been implicated as a principal instigator of OA, we sought to determine whether
Akhtar Nahid; Makki Mohammad S; Haqqi Tariq M
Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)
2015
2015-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/art.38952" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/art.38952</a>
Immunohistochemical localization of substance P, somatostatin, enkephalin, and serotonin in the spinal cord of the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens.
Animals; Enkephalins/analysis; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Neuropeptides/*analysis; Rana pipiens/anatomy & histology/*metabolism; Serotonin/analysis; Somatostatin/analysis; Spinal Cord/*analysis; Substance P/analysis
Using the indirect antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase method of Sternberger, we localized substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM), enkephalin (ENK), and serotonin (5HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine) in the spinal cord of Rana pipiens. This is the first study to demonstrate all four substances in adjacent sections of frog spinal cord. The distribution patterns of ENK, SP, SOM, and 5HT in our study differ from that described for laminae I and II in amniotes. A high density of ENK, SP, and SOM fibers is present in a band ventral to the dorsal terminal field of cutaneous primary afferent fibers and slightly overlapping the ventral terminal field of muscle primary afferent fibers. However, a high density of 5HT fibers is present in the dorsal terminal field.
Adli D S; Rosenthal B M; Yuen G L; Ho R H; Cruce W L
The Journal of comparative neurology
1988
1988-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902750109" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/cne.902750109</a>
Immunohistochemical localization of serotoninergic, enkephalinergic, and catecholaminergic cells in the brainstem and diencephalon of a cartilaginous fish, Hydrolagus colliei.
Animals; Brain Stem/cytology/*metabolism; Catecholamines/*metabolism; Diencephalon/cytology/*metabolism; Enkephalins/*metabolism; Female; Fishes/*metabolism; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Neurons/metabolism; Serotonin/*metabolism; Tissue Distribution
We localized serotonin (5-HT), leu-enkephalin (LENK), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive cells in the brain of a holocephalian, Hydrolagus colliei, by use of antibodies made in rabbit and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Only three locations contained TH+ cells, the caudal myelencephalon, the locus coeruleus, and the diencephalon. Of these locations, the diencephalon contained the most cells and the locus coeruleus the least cells. The caudal TH+ myelencephalic cells formed a single large group that spanned both the dorsal and ventral portions of the brain (A1A2). The diencephalic TH+ cells were located in the posterior tuberculum, in the ventromedial and ventrolateral thalamic nuclei, and in the inferior lobe of the hypothalamus. Hydrolagus differed from mammals and the elasmobranchs, their sister group, in that no substantia nigra (A9), ventral tegmental area (A10), or A5 cell group was found. Distribution of LENK+ and 5-HT+ cells were similar to each other; the raphe nuclei contained most of the 5-HT+ and LENK+ cells. These 5-HT+ and LENK+ cells were found at all rostrocaudal levels of the myelencephalon. The nucleus reticularis magnocellularis, reticularis paragigantocellularis lateralis, the ventral met- and mesencephalon (B7 and B9 cell groups), the hypothalamus, and the pretectal area contained additional 5-HT+ and LENK+ cells. The solitary complex contained LENK+ cells but not but 5-HT+ cells. A dorsal raphe nucleus, which is the largest
Stuesse S L; Cruce W L
The Journal of comparative neurology
1991
1991-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903090409" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/cne.903090409</a>
Phase II study of gefitinib in patients with advanced salivary gland cancers.
80 and over; Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy/mortality/pathology; adenoid cystic carcinoma; Adenoid Cystic/*drug therapy/mortality/pathology; Adult; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents/*therapeutic use; Carcinoma; Disease-Free Survival; Dose-Response Relationship; Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; gefitinib; Gefitinib; Humans; Local/*drug therapy/mortality/pathology; Male; Maximum Tolerated Dose; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology; Neoplasm Recurrence; Neoplasm Staging; non-adenoid cystic carcinoma; Prognosis; Quinazolines/*therapeutic use; Remission Induction; response to therapy; salivary gland cancer; Salivary Gland Neoplasms/*drug therapy/mortality/pathology; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the antitumor activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor gefitinib in patients with recurrent/metastatic salivary gland cancer. METHODS: We conducted a phase II study in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and non-ACC. Gefitinib was administered 250 mg orally daily. The primary endpoint was tumor response. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and disease control rates. EGFR and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression were evaluated and correlated with outcomes. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were enrolled in this study, and 36 were evaluable (18 with ACC and 18 with non-ACC). No responses were observed. Median PFS was 4.3 months and 2.1 months, and median OS was 25.9 months and 16 months for patients with ACC and non-ACC, respectively. The disease control rate at 8 weeks was higher in patients with ACC. No unexpected toxicities occurred. EGFR and HER2 overexpression did not correlate with outcomes. CONCLUSION: We did not observe significant clinical activity of gefitinib in advanced salivary gland cancer. NCT00509002.
Jakob John A; Kies Merrill S; Glisson Bonnie S; Kupferman Michael E; Liu Diane D; Lee J Jack; El-Naggar Adel K; Gonzalez-Angulo Ana M; Blumenschein George R Jr
Head & neck
2015
2015-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/hed.23647" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/hed.23647</a>
Vocal cord paralysis from prostatic carcinoma metastasizing to the larynx.
Adenocarcinoma/*pathology/*secondary; Aged; Humans; Laryngeal Neoplasms/*secondary; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms/*pathology; Thyroid Cartilage/pathology; Vocal Cord Paralysis/*etiology
According to 1992 Cancer Statistics, prostate carcinoma is once again predicted to be the most common cancer in men, exceeding the incidence of lung cancer. In American men, this cancer is estimated to be the second most frequent cause of cancer deaths by site. Although metastases have been reported in practically every organ in the body, prostatic cancer most often metastasizes to bones, regional lymph nodes, and viscera. Although secondary involvement of the larynx by malignant neoplasms arising in contiguous structures is well known, metastatic cancer to the larynx from a prostate carcinoma is rare. This report discusses a unique case that presented with hoarseness resulting from vocal cord paralysis. The diagnosis of the tumor was confirmed by immunoperoxidase stains for prostate-specific antigen.
Park Y W; Park M H
Head & neck
1993
1993-10
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/hed.2880150515" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/hed.2880150515</a>
Glucagon and cAMP inhibit cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) gene expression in human hepatocytes: discordant regulation of bile acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis.
*Gluconeogenesis; 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/*pharmacology; Adolescent; Bile Acids and Salts/*biosynthesis; Cells; Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/*genetics; Chromatin/metabolism; Cultured; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/physiology; Enzymologic/*drug effects; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic/drug effects; Glucagon/*pharmacology; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4/genetics/metabolism; Hepatocytes/*enzymology; Humans; Male; Messenger/analysis; Middle Aged; Organ Specificity; Phosphorylation; RNA; Transcription
The gene encoding cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) is tightly regulated to control bile acid synthesis and maintain lipid homeostasis. Recent studies in mice suggest that bile acid synthesis is regulated by the fasted-to-fed cycle, and fasting induces CYP7A1 gene expression in parallel to the induction of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). How glucagon regulates CYP7A1 gene expression in the human liver is not clear. Here we show that glucagon and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) strongly repressed CYP7A1 mRNA expression in human primary hepatocytes. Reporter assays confirmed that cAMP and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibited human CYP7A1 gene transcription, in contrast to their stimulation of the PEPCK gene. Mutagenesis analysis identified a
Song Kwang-Hoon; Chiang John Y L
Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)
2006
2006-01
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/hep.20919" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/hep.20919</a>
Regulation of cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis by the cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase/steroid response element-binding protein 2/microRNA-33a axis in mice.
Acetyl Coenzyme A/metabolism; Animal; Animals; Bile Acids and Salts/*metabolism; Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics/*metabolism; Cholesterol/*metabolism; Homeostasis/*physiology; Knockout; Lipid Metabolism/physiology; Liver/metabolism; Male; Messenger/metabolism; Mice; MicroRNAs/*metabolism; Models; RNA; Signal Transduction/*physiology; Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 2/*metabolism; Transgenic
UNLABELLED: Bile acid synthesis not only produces physiological detergents required for intestinal nutrient absorption, but also plays a critical role in regulating hepatic and whole-body metabolic homeostasis. We recently reported that overexpression of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in the liver resulted in improved metabolic homeostasis in Cyp7a1 transgenic (Cyp7a1-tg) mice. This study further investigated the molecular links between bile acid metabolism and lipid homeostasis. Microarray gene profiling revealed that CYP7A1 overexpression led to marked activation of the steroid response element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2)-regulated cholesterol metabolic network and absence of bile acid repression of lipogenic gene expression in livers of Cyp7a1-tg mice. Interestingly, Cyp7a1-tg mice showed significantly elevated hepatic cholesterol synthesis rates, but reduced hepatic fatty acid synthesis rates, which was accompanied by increased (14) C-glucose-derived acetyl-coenzyme A incorporation into sterols for fecal excretion. Induction of SREBP2 also coinduces intronic microRNA-33a (miR-33a) in the SREBP2 gene in Cyp7a1-tg mice. Overexpression of miR-33a in the liver resulted in decreased bile acid pool, increased hepatic cholesterol content, and lowered serum cholesterol in mice. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that a CYP7A1/SREBP2/miR-33a axis plays a critical role in regulation of hepatic cholesterol, bile acid, and fatty acid synthesis. Antagonism of miR-33a may be a potential strategy to increase bile acid synthesis to maintain lipid homeostasis and prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, and obesity.
Li Tiangang; Francl Jessica M; Boehme Shannon; Chiang John Y L
Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)
2013
2013-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26427" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/hep.26427</a>
All-trans-retinoic acid ameliorates hepatic steatosis in mice by a novel transcriptional cascade.
Animals; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics; Blood Glucose/analysis; Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/*physiology; Fatty Liver/*drug therapy/metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic; Inbred C57BL; Lipid Metabolism; Liver/metabolism; Male; Mice; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; PPAR gamma/*genetics; Receptors; Repressor Proteins/genetics; Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha; Retinoic Acid/physiology; Transcription; Tretinoin/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
UNLABELLED: Mice deficient in small heterodimer partner (SHP) are protected from diet-induced hepatic steatosis resulting from increased fatty acid oxidation and decreased lipogenesis. The decreased lipogenesis appears to be a direct consequence of very low expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPAR-gamma2), a potent lipogenic transcription factor, in the SHP(-/-) liver. The current study focused on the identification of a SHP-dependent regulatory cascade that controls PPAR-gamma2 gene expression, thereby regulating hepatic fat accumulation. Illumina BeadChip array (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to identify genes responsible for the linkage between SHP and PPAR-gamma2 using hepatic RNAs isolated from SHP(-/-) and SHP-overexpressing mice. The initial efforts identify that hairy and enhancer of split 6 (Hes6), a novel transcriptional repressor, is an important mediator of the regulation of PPAR-gamma2 transcription by SHP. The Hes6 promoter is specifically activated by the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) in response to its natural agonist ligand, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), and is repressed by SHP. Hes6 subsequently represses hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF-4alpha)-activated PPAR-gamma2 gene expression by direct inhibition of
Kim Seong-Chul; Kim Chun-Ki; Axe David; Cook Aaron; Lee Mikang; Li Tiangang; Smallwood Nicole; Chiang John Y L; Hardwick James P; Moore David D; Lee Yoon-Kwang
Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)
2014
2014-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26699" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/hep.26699</a>
Carboxylesterase 2 prevents liver steatosis by modulating lipolysis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and lipogenesis and is regulated by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha in mice.
*Lipid Metabolism; Adiposity; Animals; Carboxylesterase/*metabolism; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases/genetics/*metabolism; Diabetes Mellitus; Diet; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress; Energy Metabolism; Experimental/enzymology; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Glucose Tolerance Test; Glucose/metabolism; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4/*metabolism; High-Fat/adverse effects; Homeostasis; Humans; Inbred C57BL; Lipogenesis; Lipolysis; Liver/enzymology; Male; Mice; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/*etiology/metabolism; Obesity/enzymology/etiology; Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1/metabolism
UNLABELLED: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disease that ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). So far, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we show that hepatic carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) is markedly reduced in NASH patients, diabetic db/db mice, and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Restoration of hepatic CES2 expression in db/db or HFD-fed mice markedly ameliorates liver steatosis and insulin resistance. In contrast, knockdown of hepatic CES2 causes liver steatosis and damage in chow- or Western diet-fed C57BL/6 mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that CES2 has triglyceride hydrolase activity. As a result, gain of hepatic CES2 function increases fatty acid oxidation and inhibits lipogenesis, whereas loss of hepatic CES2 stimulates lipogenesis by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. We further show that loss of hepatic CES2 stimulates lipogenesis in a sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1)-dependent manner. Finally, we show that hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF-4alpha) plays a key role in controlling hepatic CES2 expression in diabetes, obesity, or NASH. CONCLUSION: CES2 plays a protective role in development of NAFLD. Targeting the
Li Yuanyuan; Zalzala Munaf; Jadhav Kavita; Xu Yang; Kasumov Takhar; Yin Liya; Zhang Yanqiao
Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)
2016
2016-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28472" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/hep.28472</a>
G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor plays a key role in bile acid metabolism and fasting-induced hepatic steatosis in mice.
*Gene Expression Regulation; Analysis of Variance; Animal; Animals; Bile Acids and Salts/*metabolism; Disease Models; Energy Metabolism/physiology; Fasting; Fatty Liver/*metabolism/pathology; G-Protein-Coupled/*genetics; Homeostasis/genetics; Inbred C57BL; Lipid Metabolism/genetics; Male; Mice; Oxygen Consumption/physiology; Random Allocation; Receptors; RNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism; Signal Transduction
Bile acids are signaling molecules that play a critical role in regulation of hepatic metabolic homeostasis by activating nuclear farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) and membrane G-protein-coupled receptor (Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5; Tgr5). The role of FXR in regulation of bile acid synthesis and hepatic metabolism has been studied extensively. However, the role of TGR5 in hepatic metabolism has not been explored. The liver plays a central role in lipid metabolism, and impaired response to fasting and feeding contributes to steatosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver and obesity. We have performed a detailed analysis of gallbladder bile acid and lipid metabolism in Tgr5(-/-) mice in both free-fed and fasted conditions. Lipid profiles of serum, liver and adipose tissues, bile acid composition, energy metabolism, and messenger RNA and protein expression of the genes involved in lipid metabolism were analyzed. Results showed that deficiency of the Tgr5 gene in mice alleviated fasting-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. Expression of liver oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase in the alternative bile acid synthesis pathway was reduced. Analysis of gallbladder bile acid composition showed marked increase of taurocholic acid and decrease of tauro-alpha and beta-muricholic acid in Tgr5(-/-) mice. Tgr5(-/-) mice had increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation rate and decreased hepatic fatty acid uptake. Interestingly, fasting induction of fibroblast growth factor 21 in liver was attenuated. In addition, fasted Tgr5(-/-) mice had increased activation of hepatic growth hormone-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (GH-Stat5) signaling compared to wild-type mice. CONCLUSION: TGR5 may play a role in determining bile acid composition and in fasting-induced hepatic steatosis through a novel mechanism involving activation of the GH-Stat5 signaling pathway. (Hepatology 2017;65:813-827).
Donepudi Ajay C; Boehme Shannon; Li Feng; Chiang John Y L
Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)
2017
2017-03
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28707" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/hep.28707</a>
Developmental changes in levels of growth hormone mRNA in Zucker rats.
Aging/*metabolism; Animals; Blotting; Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/genetics; Growth Hormone/blood/*genetics; Immunoblotting; Male; Messenger/*metabolism; Northern; Obesity/*genetics; Prolactin/genetics; Rats; RNA; Zucker
Levels of pituitary growth hormone (GH) messenger RNA (mRNA) were compared in groups of genetically obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/-) littermate male Zucker rats at four different ages, 3, 5, 9, and 11 weeks, in order to determine the earliest age at which a difference between the two groups could be detected. No difference was seen in three-week-old animals. Five weeks of age was the earliest time at which the level of GH mRNA was significantly decreased in the obese rats; this decrease was present at all subsequent ages. Mean serum growth hormone levels were lower in obese animals at all ages, but the differences were not statistically significant because of the large individual variation associated with the pulsatile nature of GH release. The earliest occurrence of differences in GH mRNA level is later than some of the obesity associated abnormalities present in adipose tissue. The earliest time of the GH mRNA differences can be associated with the time when decreased protein deposition is initially seen in the obese rats. Because of this association, decreased GH mRNA may enhance the development of obesity.
Ahmad I; Steggles A W; Carrillo A J; Finkelstein J A
Journal of cellular biochemistry
1990
1990-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240430106" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/jcb.240430106</a>
Sucrose, But Not Glucose, Blocks IL1-beta-Induced Inflammatory Response in Human Chondrocytes by Inducing Autophagy via AKT/mTOR Pathway.
*AUTOPHAGY; *CHONDROCYTES; *OSTEOARTHRITIS; *SUCROSE; Adult; Aged; Autophagy/*drug effects; Chondrocytes/*metabolism/pathology; Female; Glucose/*pharmacology; Humans; Inflammation/chemically induced/metabolism/pathology; Interleukin-1beta/*pharmacology; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis/*metabolism/pathology; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/*metabolism; Signal Transduction/*drug effects; Sucrose/*pharmacology; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism
Pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) is multifactorial but interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is known to be an important mediator of cartilage degradation. Autophagy is an essential cellular homeostasis mechanism and has been proposed to protect against cartilage degradation and chondrocyte death under pathological conditions. We investigated the role of autophagy activated by sucrose, a natural disaccharide, in suppressing inflammatory mediator's expression and cell death under pathological conditions in human chondrocytes. Autophagy activation was investigated by Western blotting for LC3 and Beclin-1, immunofluorescence staining for LC3 puncta, and measuring autophagic flux. Activation of mTOR, AKT, and P70S6K was evaluated by Western blotting. Chondrocyte apoptosis was evaluated by propidium iodide (PI) staining using flowcytometry, expression of Bax by Western blotting, gene expression by TaqMan assays and caspase 3/7 activity was measured using a luminescence-based assay. We found that sucrose-induced active autophagy in OA chondrocytes in vitro was dependent on the activation of AKT/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathways but was independent of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Sucrose activated autophagy blocked IL-1beta-induced apoptosis and mRNA expression of MMP-13, COX-2, and IL-6 in human OA chondrocytes. Glucose or fructose, the two metabolites of sucrose, failed to induce autophagy indicating that autophagy was specifically mediated by sucrose. In conclusion, sucrose attenuated IL-1beta induced apoptosis and the expression of catabolic mediators by inducing autophagy, and the autophagy in part was mediated through the activation of AKT/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway in human OA chondrocytes. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 629-639, 2017. (c) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Khan Nazir M; Ansari Mohammad Y; Haqqi Tariq M
Journal of cellular biochemistry
2017
2017-03
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.25750" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/jcb.25750</a>