1 40 2 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. URL Address <a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2010.05.004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2010.05.004</a> Pages 771–776 Issue 9 Volume 12 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Characterization of combat-related spinal injuries sustained by a US Army Brigade Combat Team during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 2012-09 Subject The topic of the resource *Iraq War; 2003-2011; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Military Personnel/statistics & numerical data; Spinal Injuries/*epidemiology; United States/epidemiology; Young Adult Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Schoenfeld Andrew J; Goodman Gens P; Belmont Philip J Jr Description An account of the resource BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The United States is presently engaged in the largest scale armed conflict since Vietnam. Despite recent investigations into the scope of injuries sustained by soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan, little information is available regarding the incidence and epidemiology of spine trauma in this population. PURPOSE: Characterize the incidence and epidemiology of spinal injuries sustained during combat by soldiers of a US Army Brigade Combat Team (BCT) that participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiologic study. PATIENT SAMPLE: A total of 4,122 soldiers who served in Iraq with an Army BCT during "The Surge" operation. OUTCOME MEASURES: Spine injury epidemiology was calculated for the BCT, including the spine combat casualty rate, and percent medically evacuated (MEDEVAC). METHODS: Unit rosters were obtained, and a comprehensive database identifying all combat-related spine injuries was created by querying each soldiers' electronic medical record and the unit's casualty rosters. Demographic information was recorded including age, sex, rank, injury mechanism, presence of polytrauma, and injury outcome. Injury outcomes were classified as killed in action, died of wounds, MEDEVAC, or returned to duty. The incidence of spine injuries was determined, and epidemiology was characterized using calculations of the spine combat casualty rate and percent MEDEVAC. Comparisons were made to published reports from previous conflicts. RESULTS: A total of 29 soldiers sustained 31 combat-related spine injuries. These accounted for 7.4% (29 out of 390) of all casualties sustained during combat. Blunt trauma to the spine, often resulting from an explosive mechanism, was encountered in 65% of cases. Closed fractures of the spine occurred in 21% of casualties and open injuries occurred in 7%. The spine combat casualty rate was 5.6 out of 1,000 soldier combat-years, and the percent MEDEVAC was 19%. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation is the first of its kind, documenting the nature of spine trauma in a major American conflict. The incidence of spine injuries in this study is the highest ever documented and is indicative of the tactics used by the enemy in the current war. Given this fact, it is likely that the prevalence of combat-related spine trauma will increase in the future. Larger, more extensive, studies of this kind must be conducted in the future. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2010.05.004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.spinee.2010.05.004</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s). *Iraq War 2003-2011 2012 Adolescent Adult Belmont Philip J Jr Female Goodman Gens P Humans Incidence Male Middle Aged Military Personnel/statistics & numerical data Schoenfeld Andrew J Spinal Injuries/*epidemiology The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society United States/epidemiology Young Adult Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. URL Address <a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2011.01.029" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2011.01.029</a> Pages 777–783 Issue 9 Volume 12 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Epidemiology of cervical spine fractures in the US military. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2012 2012-09 Subject The topic of the resource Adult; Cervical Vertebrae/*injuries; Databases; Factual; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Military Personnel/statistics & numerical data; Spinal Cord Injuries/epidemiology/etiology; Spinal Fractures/complications/*epidemiology; United States/epidemiology; Young Adult Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Schoenfeld Andrew J; Sielski Bernadette; Rivera Kenneth P; Bader Julia O; Harris Mitchel B Description An account of the resource BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The epidemiology of cervical spine fractures and associated spinal cord injury (SCI) has not previously been estimated within the American population. PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of cervical spine fractures and associated SCI and identify potential risk factors for these injuries in a large multicultural military population. STUDY DESIGN: Query of a prospectively collected military database. PATIENT SAMPLE: The 13,813,333 military servicemembers serving in the US Armed Forces between 2000 and 2009. OUTCOME MEASURES: The Defense Medical Epidemiology Database (DMED) was queried to identify all servicemembers diagnosed with cervical spine fractures with and without SCI during the time period under investigation. Data were used to determine the incidence of cervical spine fractures and SCI as well as identify risk factors for their development. METHODS: The DMED was queried for the years 2000 to 2009 using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code for cervical spine fractures with and without SCI (805.0, 805.1, 806.0, and 806.1). The database was also used to determine the total number of servicemembers within the military during the same period. The incidence of cervical spine fractures and fractures associated with SCI was determined, and unadjusted incidence rates were calculated for the demographic characteristics of sex, race, military rank, branch of service, and age. Adjusted incidence rate ratios were then determined using multivariate Poisson regression analysis to control for other factors in the model and identify significant risk factors for cervical spine fractures and cervical injuries associated with SCI. RESULTS: From 2000 to 2009, there were 4,048 cervical spine fractures in a population at risk of 13,813,333 servicemembers. The overall incidence of cervical spine fractures was 0.29 per 1,000 person-years, and the incidence of fracture associated SCI was 70 per 1,000,000. The cohorts at highest risk of cervical spine fracture were males, whites, Enlisted personnel, those serving in the Army, Navy, or Marine Corps, and servicemembers aged 20 to 29. Risk of fracture-associated SCI was significantly increased in males, Enlisted personnel, servicemembers in the Army, Navy, or Marines, and those aged 20 to 29. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the largest population-based investigation to be conducted within the United States regarding the incidence of SCI and the only study addressing incidence and risk factors for cervical spine fractures. Male sex, white race, Enlisted military rank, service in the Army, Navy, or Marine Corps, and ages 20 to 29 were found to significantly increase the risk for cervical fractures and/or fracture associated SCI. Our findings support previously published data but also represent best available evidence based on the size and diversity of the population under study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic; Level II. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2011.01.029" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.spinee.2011.01.029</a> Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s). 2012 Adult Bader Julia O Cervical Vertebrae/*injuries Databases Factual Female Harris Mitchel B Humans Incidence Male Military Personnel/statistics & numerical data Rivera Kenneth P Schoenfeld Andrew J Sielski Bernadette Spinal Cord Injuries/epidemiology/etiology Spinal Fractures/complications/*epidemiology The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society United States/epidemiology Young Adult