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Text
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URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12020482" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12020482</a>
Issue
2
Volume
12
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Update Year & Number
March 2020 Update
NEOMED College
NEOMED College of Medicine
NEOMED Department
NEOMED Student Publications
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Title
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Current Advances in the Treatment of BRAF-Mutant Melanoma.
Publisher
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Cancers
Date
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2020
2020-02
Subject
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immunotherapy; resistance; BRAF; melanoma; metastatic
Creator
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Hima Patel; Yacoub Nour; Mishra Rosalin; White Aaron; Long Yuan; Alanazi Samar; Garrett Joan T
Description
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Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer. Melanoma is usually curable with surgery if detected early, however, treatment options for patients with metastatic melanoma are limited and the five-year survival rate for metastatic melanoma had been 15-20% before the advent of immunotherapy. Treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors has increased long-term survival outcomes in patients with advanced melanoma to as high as 50% although individual response can vary greatly. A mutation within the MAPK pathway leads to uncontrollable growth and ultimately develops into cancer. The most common driver mutation that leads to this characteristic overactivation in the MAPK pathway is the B-RAF mutation. Current combinations of BRAF and MEK inhibitors that have demonstrated improved patient outcomes include dabrafenib with trametinib, vemurafenib with cobimetinib or encorafenib with binimetinib. Treatment with BRAF and MEK inhibitors has met challenges as patient responses began to drop due to the development of resistance to these inhibitors which paved the way for development of immunotherapies and other small molecule inhibitor approaches to address this. Resistance to these inhibitors continues to push the need to expand our understanding of novel mechanisms of resistance associated with treatment therapies. This review focuses on the current landscape of how resistance occurs with the chronic use of BRAF and MEK inhibitors in BRAF-mutant melanoma and progress made in the fields of immunotherapies and other small molecules when used alone or in combination with BRAF and MEK inhibitors to delay or circumvent the onset of resistance for patients with stage III/IV BRAF mutant melanoma.
Identifier
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12020482" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.3390/cancers12020482</a>
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Journal Article
2020
Alanazi Samar
BRAF
Cancers
Garrett Joan T
Hima Patel
immunotherapy
Long Yuan
Melanoma
metastatic
Mishra Rosalin
NEOMED College of Medicine Student
NEOMED Student Publications
resistance
White Aaron
Yacoub Nour