Body Size And Leaping Kinematics In Malagasy Vertical Clingers And Leapers
Anthropology; body size; Evolutionary Biology; hip; hypothesis; indriids; kinematics; leaping; lemurs; locomotion; madagascar; morphometrics; orientation; prosimian primates; similarity; vertebrates
Demes B; Jungers W L; Fleagle J G; Wunderlich R E; Richmond B G; Lemelin P
Journal of Human Evolution
1996
1996-10
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1996.0066" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1006/jhev.1996.0066</a>
Mandibular symphyseal fusion in fossil primates: Insights from correlated patterns of jaw shape and masticatory function in living primates.
fusion; mandible; PRIMATES; geometric morphometrics; symphysis; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; LEMURS; MANDIBLE; MORPHOMETRICS
Objectives: Variation in primate masticatory form and function has been extensively researched through both morphological and experimental studies. As a result, symphyseal fusion in different primate clades has been linked to either the recruitment of vertically directed balancing‐side muscle force, the timing and recruitment of transversely directed forces, or both. This study investigates the relationship between jaw muscle activity patterns and morphology in extant primates to make inferences about masticatory function in extinct primates, with implications for understanding the evolution of symphyseal fusion. Materials and methods: Three‐dimensional mandibular landmark data were collected for 31 extant primates and nine fossil anthropoids and subfossil lemur species. Published electromyography (EMG) data were available for nine of the extant primate species. Partial least squares analysis and phylogenetic partial least squares analysis were used to identify relationships between EMG and jaw shape data and evaluate variation in jaw morphology. Results: Primates with partial and complete symphyseal fusion exhibit shape‐function patterns associated with the wishboning motor pattern and loading regime, in contrast to shape‐function patterns of primates with unfused jaws. All fossil primates examined (except Apidium) exhibit jaw morphologies suggestive of the wishboning motor pattern demonstrated in living anthropoids and indriids. Discussion Partial fusion in Catopithecus, similar to indriids and some subfossil lemurs, may be sufficient to resist, or transfer, some amounts of transversely directed balancing‐side muscle force at the symphysis, representing a transition to greater reliance on transverse jaw movement during mastication. Furthermore, possible functional convergences in physiological patterns during chewing (i.e., Archaeolemur) are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Knigge RP;Vinyard CJ;McNulty KP
American Journal Of Physical Anthropology
2020
2020-10
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
journalArticle
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24048" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.24048</a>
Palate Variation and Evolution in New World Leaf-Nosed and Old World Fruit Bats (Order Chiroptera)
cranial shape; Craniofacial; evolution; Evolutionary Biology; feeding-behavior; fluctuating asymmetry; food hardness; fossil; geometric; Integration; Modularity; Modularity; morphological integration; Morphometrics; Morphometrics; patterns; Phyllostomid; Pteropodid; record; skull morphology
Two bat families, the leaf-nosed (Phyllostomidae) and fruit bats (Pteropodidae), have independently evolved the ability to consume plant resources. However, despite their similar ages, species richness and the strong selective pressures placed on the evolution of skull shape by plant-based foods, phyllostomids display more craniofacial diversity than pteropodids. In this study, we used morphometrics to investigate the distribution of palate variation and the evolution of palate diversity in these groups. We focused on the palate because evolutionary alterations in palate morphology are thought to underlie much feeding specialization in bats. We hypothesize that the distribution of palate variation differs in phyllostomids and pteropodids, and that the rate of palate evolution is higher in phyllostomids than pteropodids. The results suggest that the overall level of palate integration is higher in adult populations of pteropodids than phyllostomids but that the distribution of palate variation is otherwise generally conserved among phyllostomids and pteropodids. Furthermore, the results are consistent with these differences in palate integration likely having a developmental basis. The results also suggest that palate evolution has occurred significantly more rapidly in phyllostomids than pteropodids. These findings are consistent with a scenario in which the greater integration of the pteropodid palate has limited its evolvability.
Sorensen D W; Butkus C; Cooper L N; Cretekos C J; Rasweiler J J; Sears K E
Evolutionary Biology
2014
2014-12
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-014-9291-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s11692-014-9291-6</a>