Burden of community-acquired pneumonia in North American adults.
Adult; Humans; Incidence; Risk Factors; Cost of Illness; Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data; North America/epidemiology; Health Care Costs; Health Status Indicators; North America; Human; Community-Acquired Infections/economics/epidemiology/microbiology/prevention & control; Hospitalization/economics/statistics & numerical data; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Pneumonia; Bacterial/economics/*epidemiology/microbiology/prevention & control; Pneumococcal/economics/epidemiology/mortality/prevention & control; Economic Aspects of Illness; Streptococcus; Pneumococcal Vaccine; Length of Stay – Statistics and Numerical Data; Bacterial – Epidemiology; Community-Acquired Infections – Epidemiology; Community-Acquired Infections – Microbiology; Bacterial – Economics; Bacterial – Microbiology; Bacterial – Mortality; Bacterial – Prevention and Control; Community-Acquired Infections – Economics; Community-Acquired Infections – Prevention and Control; Hospitalization – Economics; Hospitalization – Statistics and Numerical Data
To determine the burden of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) affecting adults in North America, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to examine the incidence, morbidity and mortality, etiology, antibiotic resistance, and economic impact of CAP in this population. In the United States, there were approximately 4.2 million ambulatory care visits for pneumonia in 2006. Pneumonia and influenza continue to be a common cause of death in the United States (ranked eighth) and Canada (ranked seventh). In 2005, there were \textgreater60,000 deaths due to pneumonia in persons aged\textgreateror=15 years in the United States alone. The hospitalization rate for all infectious diseases increased from 1525 hospitalizations per 100 000 persons in 1998 to 1667 per 100 000 persons in 2005. Admission to an intensive care unit was required in 10% to 20% of patients hospitalized with pneumonia. The mean length of stay for pneumonia was \textgreateror=5 days and the 30-day rehospitalization rate was as high as 20%. Mortality was highest for CAP patients who were hospitalized; the 30-day mortality rate was as high as 23%. All-cause mortality for CAP patients was as high as 28% within 1 year. Streptococcus pneumoniae continues to be the most frequently identified pathogen associated with CAP, and pneumococcal resistance to antimicrobials may make treatment more difficult. The economic burden associated with CAP remains substantial at \textgreater$17 billion annually in the United States. Despite the availability and widespread adherence to recommended treatment guidelines, CAP continues to present a significant burden in adults. Furthermore, given the aging population in North America, clinicians can expect to encounter an increasing number of adult patients with CAP. Given the significance of the disease burden, the potential benefit of pneumococcal vaccination in adults is substantial.
File Thomas M Jr; Marrie Thomas J
Postgraduate medicine
2010
2010-03
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2010.03.2130" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.3810/pgm.2010.03.2130</a>
A unique view on male infertility around the globe.
Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology; Africa/epidemiology; Asia/epidemiology; Australia/epidemiology; Europe/epidemiology; Humans; Infertility; Latin America/epidemiology; Male; Male/*epidemiology/psychology; Middle East/epidemiology; North America/epidemiology; Prevalence
BACKGROUND: Infertility affects an estimated 15% of couples globally, amounting to 48.5 million couples. Males are found to be solely responsible for 20-30% of infertility cases and contribute to 50% of cases overall. However, this number does not accurately represent all regions of the world. Indeed, on a global level, there is a lack of accurate statistics on rates of male infertility. Our report examines major regions of the world and reports rates of male infertility based on data on female infertility. METHODS: Our search consisted of systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and population-based studies by searching the terms "epidemiology, male infertility, and prevalence." We identified 16 articles for detailed study. We typically used the assumption that 50% of all cases of infertility are due to female factors alone, 20-30% are due to male factors alone, and the remaining 20-30% are due to a combination of male and female factors. Therefore, in regions of the world where male factor or rates of male infertility were not reported, we used this assumption to calculate general rates of male factor infertility. RESULTS: Our calculated data showed that the distribution of infertility due to male factor ranged from 20% to 70% and that the percentage of infertile men ranged from 2.5% to 12%. Infertility rates were highest in Africa and Central/Eastern Europe. Additionally, according to a variety of sources, rates of male infertility in North America, Australia, and Central and Eastern Europe varied from 4 5-6%, 9%, and 8-12%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a novel and unique way to calculate the distribution of male infertility around the world. According to our results, at least 30 million men worldwide are infertile with the highest rates in Africa and Eastern Europe. Results indicate further research is needed regarding etiology and treatment, reduce stigma & cultural barriers, and establish a more precise calculation.
Agarwal Ashok; Mulgund Aditi; Hamada Alaa; Chyatte Michelle Renee
Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E
2015
2015-04
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-015-0032-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1186/s12958-015-0032-1</a>