Improvement in Academic Behaviors After Successful Treatment of Convergence Insufficiency
reading; validity; Ophthalmology; children; symptoms; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; convergence insufficiency; exophoria; orthoptics; randomized clinical-trial; symptom survey; vision therapy
Purpose. To determine whether treatment of symptomatic convergence insufficiency (CI) has an effect on Academic Behavior Survey (ABS) scores. Methods. The ABS is a six-item survey developed by the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial Group that quantifies the frequency of adverse school behaviors and parental concern about school performance on an ordinal scale from 0 (never) to 4 (always) with total scores ranging from 0 to 24. The ABS was administered at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment to the parents of 218 children aged 9 to 17 years with symptomatic CI, who were enrolled in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial and randomized into (1) home-based pencil push-ups; (2) home-based computer vergence/accommodative therapy and pencil push-ups; (3) office-based vergence/accommodative therapy with home reinforcement; and (4) office-based placebo therapy with home reinforcement. Participants were classified as successful (n = 42), improved (n = 60), or non-responder (n = 116) at the completion of 12 weeks of treatment using a composite measure of the symptom score, nearpoint of convergence, and positive fusional vergence. Analysis of covariance methods were used to compare the mean change in ABS between response to treatment groups while controlling for the ABS score at baseline. Results. The mean ABS score for the entire group at baseline was 12.85 (SD = 6.3). The mean ABS score decreased (improved) in those categorized as successful, improved, and non-responder by 4.0, 2.9, and 1.3 points, respectively. The improvement in the ABS score was significantly related to treatment outcome (p < 0.0001), with the ABS score being significantly lower (better) for children who were successful or improved after treatment as compared to children who were non-responders (p = 0.002 and 0.043, respectively). Conclusions. A successful or improved outcome after CI treatment was associated with a reduction in the frequency of adverse academic behaviors and parental concern associated with reading and school work as reported by parents. (Optom Vis Sci 2012; 89: 12-18)
Borsting E; Mitchell G L; Kulp M T; Scheiman M; Amster D M; Cotter S; Coulter R A; Fecho G; Gallaway M F; Granet D; Hertle R; Rodena J; Yamada T; Grp Citt Study
Optometry and Vision Science
2012
2012-01
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e318238ffc3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/OPX.0b013e318238ffc3</a>
Effect of Artificial Scotomas on Open-Loop Disparity Vergence Eye Movements
binocular disparity; convergence; depth-perception; disparity; dynamic asymmetries; eye movements; fusional; neurons; nystagmus; ocular motor control; Ophthalmology; responses; saccades; single-unit activity; V1; vergence; version
Purpose. To investigate the effect of an artificial scotoma on open-loop disparity vergence responses (DVRs) and vergence control mechanisms, we examined open-loop DVRs to disparity stimuli using monocular artificial scotomas in normal subjects. Methods. Using a mirror haploscope with two computer monitors, we delivered disparity stimuli on a pair of random dot patterns subtending 40 by 30 degrees at 47 cm from each eye. The scotomas were black circles located in the center of a random dot pattern for the left eye. Eye movements of both eyes were recorded with a magnetic search coil system. Results. We first found that the amplitudes of DVRs were gradually decreased and the latency of DVRs was moderately increased as the size of the scotomas was increased. Second, monocular responses from each eye were symmetrical although the stimuli to each eye were asymmetrical. Conclusions. The results suggest that the monocular eye movements in disparity vergence are controlled by a binocular central mechanism, not driven separately by monocular inputs in the open-loop window.
Yang D S; Hertle R W; Zhu M X; Tai Z; Hald E; Kauffman M
Optometry and Vision Science
2015
2015-01
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000000441" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/opx.0000000000000441</a>