Pneumococcal epidemiology among us adults hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia
Community; Pneumococcus; Pneumonia; Streptococcus
BACKGROUND: Few studies have measured the burden of adult pneumococcal disease after the introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) into the US infant vaccination schedule. Further, most data regarding pneumococcal serotypes are derived from invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), which represents only a fraction of all adult pneumococcal disease burden. Understanding which pneumococcal serotypes cause pneumonia in adults is critical for informing current immunization policy. The objective of this study was to measure the proportion of radiographically-confirmed (CXR+) community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by PCV13 serotypes in hospitalized US adults. METHODS: This observational, prospective surveillance study recruited hospitalized adults aged ≥18 years from 21 acute care hospitals across 10 geographically-dispersed cities in the United States between October 2013 and September 2016. Clinical and demographic data were collected during hospitalization. Vital status was ascertained 30 days after enrollment. Pneumococcal serotypes were detected via culture from the respiratory tract and normally-sterile sites (including blood and pleural fluid). Additionally, a novel, Luminex-based serotype-specific urinary antigen detection (UAD) assay was used to detect serotypes included in PCV13. RESULTS: Of 15,572 enrolled participants, 12,055 eligible patients with CXR+CAP were included in the final analysis population. Mean age was 64.1 years and 52.7% were aged ≥65 years. Common comorbidities included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (43.0%) and diabetes mellitus (28.6%). PCV13 serotypes were detected in 552/12,055 (4.6%) of all patients and 265/6347 (4.2%) of those aged ≥65 years. Among patients aged 18-64 years PCV13 serotypes were detected in 3.8-5.3% of patients depending on their risk status. CONCLUSIONS: After implementation of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccination program in US children, and despite the herd protection observed in US adults, a persistent burden of PCV13-type CAP remains in this population.
Isturiz Raul E; Ramirez Julio; Self Wesley H; Grijalva Carlos G; Counselman Francis L; Volturo Gregory; Ostrosky-Zeichner Luis; Peyrani Paula; Wunderink Richard G; Sherwin Robert; Overcash J Scott; Oliva Senen Pena; File Thomas; Wiemken Timothy L; McLaughlin John M; Pride Michael W; Gray Sharon; Alexander Ronika; Ford Kimbal D; Jiang Qin; Jodar Luis
Vaccine
2019
2019-05
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.087" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.087</a>
Guidelines for empiric antimicrobial prescribing in community-acquired pneumonia.
Humans; United States; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Canada; Europe; Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy; Fluoroquinolones/therapeutic use; Lactams/therapeutic use; Macrolides/therapeutic use; Drug Resistance; Pneumonia; Bacterial; Bacterial/*drug therapy
Empiric antimicrobial prescribing for community-acquired pneumonia remains a challenge, despite the availability of treatment guidelines. A number of key differences exist between North American and European guidelines, mainly in the outpatient setting. The North American approach is to use initial antimicrobial therapy, which provides coverage for Streptococcus pneumoniae plus atypical pathogens. Europeans tend to focus on providing pneumococcal coverage with less emphasis on covering for an atypical pathogen. Ambulatory patients without comorbidity are more likely to receive macrolide therapy in North America, whereas in Europe these patients would probably receive a beta-lactam agent. Major issues that are fundamental to this difference include the importance of providing therapy for atypical pathogens and the clinical significance of macrolide-resistant S pneumoniae. Prospective data are required to evaluate which of these two approaches offers clinical superiority.
File Thomas M Jr; Garau Javier; Blasi Francesco; Chidiac Christian; Klugman Keith; Lode Hartmut; Lonks John R; Mandell Lionel; Ramirez Julio; Yu Victor
Chest
2004
2004-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1378/chest.125.5.1888" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1378/chest.125.5.1888</a>