1 40 1 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. URL Address <a href="http://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-019-0023-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-019-0023-1</a> Rights Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s). Volume 5 Search for Full-text Locate full-text within NEOMED Library's e-journal collections <p>Users with a NEOMED Library login can search for full-text journal articles at the following url: <a href="https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/home">https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/home</a></p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain: evidence and theory for mechanisms of action Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Bioelectronic Medicine Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 2019-06 Subject The topic of the resource Biomarker; Chronic pain; Complex regional pain syndrome; Failed back surgery syndrome; Mechanisms of action; Neuroinflammation; Neuropathic pain; Neurophysiology; Objective measures; Spinal cord stimulation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Caylor Jacob; Reddy Rajiv; Yin Sopyda; Cui Christina; Huang Mingxiong; Huang Charles; Ramesh Rao; Baker Dewleen G; Simmons Alan; Souza Dmitri; Narouze Samer; Vallejo Ricardo; Lerman Imanuel Description An account of the resource Well-established in the field of bioelectronic medicine, Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) offers an implantable, non-pharmacologic treatment for patients with intractable chronic pain conditions. Chronic pain is a widely heterogenous syndrome with regard to both pathophysiology and the resultant phenotype. Despite advances in our understanding of SCS-mediated antinociception, there still exists limited evidence clarifying the pathways recruited when patterned electric pulses are applied to the epidural space. The rapid clinical implementation of novel SCS methods including burst, high frequency and dorsal root ganglion SCS has provided the clinician with multiple options to treat refractory chronic pain. While compelling evidence for safety and efficacy exists in support of these novel paradigms, our understanding of their mechanisms of action (MOA) dramatically lags behind clinical data. In this review, we reconstruct the available basic science and clinical literature that offers support for mechanisms of both paresthesia spinal cord stimulation (P-SCS) and paresthesia-free spinal cord stimulation (PF-SCS). While P-SCS has been heavily examined since its inception, PF-SCS paradigms have recently been clinically approved with the support of limited preclinical research. Thus, wide knowledge gaps exist between their clinical efficacy and MOA. To close this gap, many rich investigative avenues for both P-SCS and PF-SCS are underway, which will further open the door for paradigm optimization, adjunctive therapies and new indications for SCS. As our understanding of these mechanisms evolves, clinicians will be empowered with the possibility of improving patient care using SCS to selectively target specific pathophysiological processes in chronic pain. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <a href="http://doi.org/10.1186/s42234-019-0023-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1186/s42234-019-0023-1</a> 2019 Baker Dewleen G Bioelectronic Medicine Biomarker Caylor Jacob Chronic pain Complex regional pain syndrome Cui Christina Department of General Surgery Failed back surgery syndrome Huang Charles Huang Mingxiong Lerman Imanuel Mechanisms of action Narouze Samer NEOMED College of Medicine Neuroinflammation Neuropathic pain Neurophysiology Objective measures Ramesh Rao Reddy Rajiv September 2019 Update Simmons Alan Souza Dmitri Spinal cord stimulation Vallejo Ricardo Yin Sopyda