1
40
4
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Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23991" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23991</a>
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Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Pages
745-760
Issue
5
Volume
302
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A Comparison of the Cortical Structure of the Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus), a Basal Mysticete, with Other Cetaceans
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J.: 2007)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2019
2019-05
Subject
The topic of the resource
baleen whale; cytoarchitecture; humpback whale; minke whale; sperm whale
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Raghanti Mary Ann; Wicinski Bridget; Meierovich Rachel; Warda Tahia; Dickstein Dara L; Reidenberg Joy S; Tang Cheuk Y; George John C; Hans Thewissen J G M; Butti Camilla; Hof Patrick R
Description
An account of the resource
Few studies exist of the bowhead whale brain and virtually nothing is known about its cortical cytoarchitecture or how it compares to other cetaceans. Bowhead whales are one of the least encephalized cetaceans and occupy a basal phylogenetic position among mysticetes. Therefore, the bowhead whale is an important specimen for understanding the evolutionary specializations of cetacean brains. Here, we present an overview of the structure and cytoarchitecture of the bowhead whale cerebral cortex gleaned from Nissl-stained sections and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in comparison with other mysticetes and odontocetes. In general, the cytoarchitecture of cetacean cortex is consistent in displaying a thin cortex, a thick, prominent layer I, and absence of a granular layer IV. Cell density, composition, and width of layers III, V, and VI vary among cortical regions, and cetacean cortex is cell-sparse relative to that of terrestrial mammals. Notably, all regions of the bowhead cortex possess high numbers of von Economo neurons and fork neurons, with the highest numbers observed at the apex of gyri. The bowhead whale is also distinctive in having a significantly reduced hippocampus that occupies a space below the corpus callosum within the lateral ventricle. Consistent with other balaenids, bowhead whales possess what appears to be a blunted temporal lobe, which is in contrast to the expansive temporal lobes that characterize most odontocetes. The present report demonstrates that many morphological and cytoarchitectural characteristics are conserved among cetaceans, while other features, such as a reduced temporal lobe, may characterize balaenids among mysticetes. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 302:745-760, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23991" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ar.23991</a>
2019
Anatomical Record (Hoboken
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J.: 2007)
Baleen whale
Butti Camilla
cytoarchitecture
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Dickstein Dara L
George John C
Hans Thewissen J G M
Hof Patrick R
humpback whale
June 2019 Update
Meierovich Rachel
minke whale
N.J.: 2007)
NEOMED College of Medicine
Raghanti Mary Ann
Reidenberg Joy S
sperm whale
Tang Cheuk Y
Warda Tahia
Wicinski Bridget
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23991" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23991</a>
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<a href="http://neomed.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24045" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NEOMED Full-text Holding (if available) - Proxy DOI: 10.1002/ar.24045</a>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A Comparison of the Cortical Structure of the Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus), a Basal Mysticete, with Other Cetaceans.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2018
2018-10
Subject
The topic of the resource
baleen whale; cytoarchitecture; humpback whale; minke whale; sperm whale
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Raghanti Mary Ann; Wicinski Bridget; Meierovich Rachel; Warda Tahia; Dickstein Dara L; Reidenberg Joy S; Tang Cheuk Y; George John C; Hans Thewissen J G M; Butti Camilla; Hof Patrick R
Description
An account of the resource
Few studies exist of the bowhead whale brain and virtually nothing is known about its cortical cytoarchitecture or how it compares to other cetaceans. Bowhead whales are one of the least encephalized cetaceans and occupy a basal phylogenetic position among mysticetes. Therefore, the bowhead whale is an important specimen for understanding the evolutionary specializations of cetacean brains. Here, we present an overview of the structure and cytoarchitecture of the bowhead whale cerebral cortex gleaned from Nissl-stained sections and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in comparison with other mysticetes and odontocetes. In general, the cytoarchitecture of cetacean cortex is consistent in displaying a thin cortex, a thick, prominent layer I, and absence of a granular layer IV. Cell density, composition, and width of layers III, V, and VI vary among cortical regions, and cetacean cortex is cell-sparse relative to that of terrestrial mammals. Notably, all regions of the bowhead cortex possess high numbers of von Economo neurons and fork neurons, with the highest numbers observed at the apex of gyri. The bowhead whale is also distinctive in having a significantly reduced hippocampus that occupies a space below the corpus callosum within the lateral ventricle. Consistent with other balaenids, bowhead whales possess what appears to be a blunted temporal lobe, which is in contrast to the expansive temporal lobes that characterize most odontocetes. The present report demonstrates that many morphological and cytoarchitectural characteristics are conserved among cetaceans, while other features, such as a reduced temporal lobe, may characterize balaenids among mysticetes. Anat Rec, 2018. (c) 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.23991" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ar.23991</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
2018
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
Baleen whale
Butti Camilla
cytoarchitecture
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Dickstein Dara L
George John C
Hans Thewissen J G M
Hof Patrick R
humpback whale
Meierovich Rachel
minke whale
NEOMED College of Medicine
Raghanti Mary Ann
Reidenberg Joy S
sperm whale
Tang Cheuk Y
Warda Tahia
Wicinski Bridget
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.20571" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.20571</a>
Pages
1121–1137
Issue
9
Volume
290
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neuromuscular anatomy and evolution of the cetacean forelimb.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2007
2007-09
Subject
The topic of the resource
*Biological Evolution; Adaptation; Animals; Body Size; Cetacea/*anatomy & histology/physiology; Forelimb/*anatomy & histology/physiology; Humpback Whale/anatomy & histology; Movement; Muscle; Neuroanatomy; Physiological; Skeletal/*innervation/physiology; Sperm Whale/anatomy & histology
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Cooper Lisa Noelle; Dawson Susan D; Reidenberg Joy S; Berta Annalisa
Description
An account of the resource
The forelimb of cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) has been radically modified during the limb-to-flipper transition. Extant cetaceans have a soft tissue flipper encasing the manus and acting as a hydrofoil to generate lift. The neuromuscular anatomy that controls flipper movement, however, is poorly understood. This study documents flipper neuromuscular anatomy and tests the hypothesis that antebrachial muscle robustness is related to body size. Data were gathered during dissections of 22 flippers, representing 15 species (7 odontocetes, 15 mysticetes). Results were compared with published descriptions of both artiodactyls and secondarily aquatic vertebrates. Results indicate muscle robustness is best predicted by taxonomic distribution and is not a function of body size. All cetaceans have atrophied triceps muscles, an immobile cubital joint, and lack most connective tissue structures and manus muscles. Forelimbs retain only three muscle groups: triceps (only the scapular head is functional as the humeral heads are vestigal), and antebrachial extensors and flexors. Well-developed flexor and extensor muscles were found in mysticetes and basal odontocetes (i.e., physeterids, kogiids, and ziphiids), whereas later diverging odontocetes (i.e., monodontids, phocoenids, and delphinids) lack or reduce these muscles. Balaenopterid mysticetes (e.g., fin and minke whales) may actively change flipper curvature, while basal odontocetes (e.g., sperm and beaked whales) probably stiffen the flipper through isometric contraction. Later diverging odontocetes lack musculature supporting digital movements and are unable to manipulate flipper curvature. Cetacean forelimbs are unique in that they have lost agility and several soft tissue structures, but retain sensory innervations.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.20571" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ar.20571</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
*Biological Evolution
2007
Adaptation
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
Animals
Berta Annalisa
Body Size
Cetacea/*anatomy & histology/physiology
Cooper Lisa Noelle
Dawson Susan D
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Forelimb/*anatomy & histology/physiology
Humpback Whale/anatomy & histology
Movement
Muscle
NEOMED College of Medicine
Neuroanatomy
Physiological
Reidenberg Joy S
Skeletal/*innervation/physiology
Sperm Whale/anatomy & histology
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.20532" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.20532</a>
Pages
654–672
Issue
6
Volume
290
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Evolution of hyperphalangy and digit reduction in the cetacean manus.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2007
2007-06
Subject
The topic of the resource
*Adaptation; *Biological Evolution; Animals; Cetacea/*anatomy & histology/physiology; Forelimb/*anatomy & histology/physiology; Morphogenesis; Newborn; Phylogeny; Physiological
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Cooper Lisa Noelle; Berta Annalisa; Dawson Susan D; Reidenberg Joy S
Description
An account of the resource
Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) have a soft tissue flipper that encases most of the forelimb, and elongated digits with an increased number of phalanges (hyperphalangy). In addition, some cetaceans exhibit a reduction in digit number. Although toothed cetaceans (odontocetes) are pentadactylous, most baleen whales (mysticetes) are tetradactylous and also lack a metacarpal. This study conducts a survey of cetacean metacarpal and phalangeal morphologies, traces the evolution of hyperphalangy in a phylogenetic context, optimizes characters onto previously published cetacean phylogenies, and tests various digit loss hypotheses. Dissections were performed on 16 cetacean flippers representing 10 species (8 mysticetes, 2 odontocetes). Phalangeal count data were derived from forelimb radiographs (36 odontocetes, 5 mysticetes), osteological specimens of articulated forelimbs (8 mysticetes), and were supplemented with published counts. Modal phalangeal counts were coded as ordered and unpolarized characters and optimized onto two known cetacean phylogenies. Results indicate that digital ray I is reduced in many cetaceans (except Globicephala) and all elements of digital ray I were lost in tetradactylous mysticetes. Fossil evidence indicates this ray may have been lost approximately 14 Ma. Most odontocetes also reduce the number of phalangeal elements in digit V, while mysticetes typically retain the plesiomorphic condition of three phalanges. Results from modal phalangeal counts show the greatest degree of hyperphalangy in digits II and III in odontocetes and digits III and IV in mysticetes. Fossil evidence indicates cetacean hyperphalangy evolved by at least 7-8 Ma. Digit loss and digit positioning may underlie disparate flipper shapes, with narrow, elongate flippers facilitating fast swimming and broad flippers aiding slow turns. Hyperphalangy may help distribute leading edge forces, and multiple interphalangeal joints may smooth leading edge flipper contour.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ar.20532" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ar.20532</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
*Adaptation
*Biological Evolution
2007
Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
Animals
Berta Annalisa
Cetacea/*anatomy & histology/physiology
Cooper Lisa Noelle
Dawson Susan D
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Forelimb/*anatomy & histology/physiology
Morphogenesis
NEOMED College of Medicine
Newborn
Phylogeny
Physiological
Reidenberg Joy S