Conference presentations: A research primer for low- and middle-income countries
Research methods; Conference presentation; Conference proceedings
Presenting research at a conference is an opportunity to disseminate the findings, network with other researchers, and to develop your academic track record. Although every conference will have some local differences, there are common approaches to presenting your research in the best manner. This will differ depending on whether it is an oral or a poster presentation. This research primer aims to support researchers in the early stages of their careers to undertake the best possible presentation.
Knott JC; Taylor DM; Simon EL
African Journal Of Emergency Medicine
2020
1905-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
journalArticle
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2020.05.002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.afjem.2020.05.002</a>
Study design: A research primer for low- and middle-income countries
Emergency medicine; Research methods; Study design
Study design is critical to ensure that research questions are answered in an appropriate and rational manner for all aspects of health, but particularly in emergency care. Appropriate study design selection is one of the most critical decisions to make at the earliest stage of a research project; once this is clear, much of the methodology and sample size estimations should be straightforward. Selection of an appropriate study design is fundamental to good research and deserves careful consideration at the outset of any research project. The classic gold standard for study design is the double-blind randomised clinical trial, but it is often not possible to achieve this ideal in the busy clinical emergency environment or with the resources available. Descriptive studies are common in emergency care; they include retrospective clinical records reviews, prospective cohort studies and case-control studies. Case reports and surveys can be a useful introduction to research for novice researchers. When sufficient empirical evidence on a topic exists, results of similar studies can be combined in systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses to pool the results from multiple studies to determine stronger evidence for or against an intervention or treatment, but these techniques require specialist expertise and statistical skills.
Graham CA; Simon EL; Knott J
African Journal Of Emergency Medicine
2020
1905-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
journalArticle
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2020.10.007" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.afjem.2020.10.007</a>
Methods for Studying the Ecological Physiology of Feeding in Free-Ranging Howlers (Alouatta palliata) at La Pacifica, Costa Rica
adductor muscle force; fecal cortisol-levels; Feeding ecology; in-vivo; Jaw-muscle physiology; lemurs lemur-catta; macaca-fascicularis; mandibular function; mastication; mechanical defenses; postorbital septum; Research methods; symphyseal fusion; telemetry system; Zoology
We lack a general understanding of how primates perform physiologically during feeding to cope with the challenges of their natural environments. We here discuss several methods for studying the ecological physiology of feeding in mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) at La Pacifica, Costa Rica. Our initial physiological effort focuses on recording electromyographic activity (EMG) from the jaw muscles in free-ranging howlers while they feed in their natural forest habitat. We integrate these EMG data with measurements of food material properties, dental wear rates, as well as spatial analyses of resource use and food distribution. Future work will focus on incorporating physiological measures of bone deformation, i.e., bone strain; temperatures; food nutritional data; and hormonal analyses. Collectively, these efforts will help us to better understand the challenges that howlers face in their environment and the physiological mechanisms they employ during feeding. Our initial efforts provide a proof of concept demonstrating the methodological feasibility of studying the physiology of feeding in free-ranging primates. Although howlers offer certain advantages to in vivo field research, many of the approaches described here can be applied to other primates in natural habitats. By collecting physiological data simultaneously with ecological and behavioral data, we will promote a more synthetic understanding of primate feeding and its evolutionary history.
Vinyard C J; Glander K E; Teaford M F; Thompson C L; Deffenbaugh M; Williams S H
International Journal of Primatology
2012
2012-06
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-012-9579-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s10764-012-9579-2</a>