Echo assessment of right atrial pressure (RAP), based on anteroposterior diameter (APD) of inferior vena cava (IVC) and IVC collapsibility with sniff maneuver, often does not corelate with clinical or invasive assessment of volume status. We…
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an aggressive and lethal tumor that has a high frequency of metastatic spread to unpredictable sites. One quarter of patients have either distant metastases or significant local-regional disease with atypical symptoms on…
