Obesity- and sex-related alterations in growth hormone messenger RNA levels.
Female; Male; Animals; Sex Characteristics; Rats; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; DNA Probes; Obesity/*genetics/metabolism; Prolactin/genetics; Somatomedins/*genetics; RNA; Messenger/metabolism; Zucker
The secretion of growth hormone (GH) is abnormal in genetically obese Zucker rats. Measurements of pulsatile GH release and circulating GH levels in lean (Fa/?) and obese (fa/fa) rats have shown that both are reduced in the latter. We have studied pituitary GH gene expression in order to understand the role of GH synthesis in this abnormality. Obese animals have lower pituitary GH mRNA levels than lean controls. Within each genotype a sex difference was observed with the female animals having lower GH mRNA levels than the males. It is unlikely that the GH abnormality is due to a generalized pituitary defect because prolactin mRNA levels were the same in all four groups of rats.
Ahmad I; Steggles A W; Carrillo A J; Finkelstein J A
Molecular and cellular endocrinology
1989
1989-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0303-7207(89)90170-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0303-7207(89)90170-6</a>
Estrogen as neuroprotectant of nigrostriatal dopaminergic system: laboratory and clinical studies.
Humans; Sex Characteristics; Estrogens/*pharmacology; *Neuroprotective Agents; Basal Ganglia Diseases/prevention & control; Dopamine/*physiology; Neostriatum/cytology/drug effects/*physiology; Parkinson Disease/pathology/prevention & control; Substantia Nigra/cytology/drug effects/*physiology
In this review, we relate both laboratory and clinical evidence associated with the capacity for estrogen to function as a modulator of nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathology. To accomplish this goal, we have divided this review into three parts. In Part 1, we provide a brief historical perspective of studies that have laid the groundwork for demonstrating the existence of hormonal- nigrostriatal interactions. In Part 2, we focus specifically on laboratory data that show the ability and conditions by which estrogen may function as a neuroprotectant of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Finally, in Part 3, we review the clinical literature related to this issue as a means for consideration of estrogen as a modulator, neuroprotectant, and therapy for Parkinson disease.
Dluzen Dean; Horstink Martin
Endocrine
2003
2003-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1385/endo:21:1:67" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1385/endo:21:1:67</a>
Sex differences in methamphetamine-evoked striatal dopamine output are abolished following gonadectomy: comparisons with potassium-evoked output and responses in prepubertal mice.
Animals; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/*pharmacology; Dopamine/*metabolism; Female; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Methamphetamine/*pharmacology; Mice; Neostriatum/drug effects/*metabolism; Orchiectomy; Ovariectomy; Potassium/*pharmacology; Sex Characteristics; Sexual Maturation
Sex differences are reported for methamphetamine (MA)-induced neurotoxicity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. In an attempt to understand some of the bases for these differences, we investigated MA-evoked dopamine (DA) responses from superfused striatal tissue fragments of intact and male and female CD-1 mice. These responses were compared with that of gonadectomized mice, potassium-evoked DA responses in intact mice and responses in prepubertal mice. In experiment 1, DA responses were tested using infusion of MA at doses of 1, 10, 100 and 1,000 microM. In intact mice, mean peak MA-evoked DA responses were consistently increased and significantly greater in male vs. female mice at the 1,000 microM dose. No such significant differences were observed between gonadectomized male vs. female mice (experiment 2). In contrast to MA, potassium-stimulated DA responses were increased in intact female mice, with statistically significant differences at doses of 30 and 60 mM (experiment 3). No statistically significant differences between intact prepubertal male and female mice were obtained in response to a 1,000 microM dose of MA (experiment 4) or to a 60 mM dose of potassium (experiment 5). These results indicate that intact male mice show greater sensitivity to MA-evoked DA output. This sex difference is abolished following gonadectomy, is not observed with potassium, nor is it present in prepubertal mice. The increased sensitivity to MA shown by intact males may be related to the greater degree of striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity observed in male mice in response to this psychostimulant and appears to be attributable to differences in gonadal steroid hormones between male and female mice.
Dluzen Dean E; Salvaterra Ty J
Neuroendocrinology
2005
2005
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1159/000090983" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1159/000090983</a>
Mesenteric vascular responses to vasopressin during development of DOCA-salt hypertension in male and female rats.
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha/metabolism; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Arginine Vasopressin/*pharmacology; Blood Pressure/drug effects; Desoxycorticosterone; Dietary; Dinoprostone/metabolism; Dose-Response Relationship; Drug; Female; Hypertension/chemically induced/*physiopathology; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Prostaglandins/analysis/*metabolism; Rats; Reference Values; Sex Characteristics; Sodium; Splanchnic Circulation/drug effects/*physiology; Sprague-Dawley
Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension develops to a greater extent in male (M) than in female (F) rats. To determine the role of the vasculature, reactivity to arginine vasopressin (AVP) and prostanoid output were examined in the isolated perfused mesenteric vasculature of hypertensive (HT) and normotensive-control (NTC) M and F rats after acute (1-wk) and chronic (4-wk)
Stallone J N
The American journal of physiology
1995
1995-01
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.1.R40" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.1.R40</a>
Daily exercise and gender influence postexercise cardiac autonomic responses in hypertensive rats.
*Physical Conditioning; Animal; Animals; Atropine Derivatives/pharmacology; Autonomic Nervous System/drug effects/*physiopathology; Exercise Test; Female; Heart Rate/*drug effects; Heart/*innervation; Hypertension/genetics/*physiopathology; Inbred SHR; Male; Metoprolol/pharmacology; Nitroglycerin/pharmacology; Phenylephrine/pharmacology; Rats; Running; Sex Characteristics; Sympathetic Nervous System/drug effects/*physiopathology; Weight Loss
The influence of daily spontaneous running (DSR) and gender on postexercise cardiac autonomic responses was examined in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Rats were weaned at 4-5 wk of age and were randomly assigned to a sedentary (7 males and 6 females) or DSR (7 males and 8 females) group. After 8 weeks of DSR or sedentary control, rats were chronically instrumented with arterial and venous catheters. After 5 days of recovery, cardiac sympathetic (ST) and parasympathetic tonus (PT) were determined (by the response of heart rate to receptor antagonists) on alternate days under two experimental conditions: no exercise and postexercise. After a single bout of dynamic treadmill exercise (12 m/min, 10% grade for 40 min) ST was reduced (P \textless 0.05) (male sedentary: no exercise 45 +/- 4 vs. postexercise 28 +/- 3 beats/min; female sedentary: no exercise 69 +/- 10 vs. postexercise 37 +/- 7 beats/ min). PT was also altered after exercise (male sedentary: no exercise -31 +/- 4 vs. postexercise -11 +/- 2 beats/min; female sedentary: no exercise -5 +/- 4 vs. postexercise 7 +/- 4 beats/min). After DSR, ST was reduced (male sedentary 45 +/- 4 vs. DSR 22 +/- 3 beats/min; female sedentary 69 +/- 10 vs. DSR 36 +/- 4 beats/min) (P \textless 0.05). Finally, male rats had a lower ST and higher PT than female rats. These results demonstrate that 1) ST was reduced after a single bout of dynamic exercise; 2) ST was reduced after DSR; 3) the autonomic response to acute exercise was attenuated after DSR; and 4) there was a gender influence on the cardiac autonomic function.
Chen Y; Chandler M P; DiCarlo S E
The American journal of physiology
1997
1997-03
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.272.3.H1412" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1152/ajpheart.1997.272.3.H1412</a>
Gender difference in cardiopulmonary reflex inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity.
*Blood Pressure/drug effects; *Heart Rate/drug effects; *Reflex/drug effects; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biguanides/pharmacology; Denervation; Female; Laryngeal Nerves/physiology; Male; Phenylephrine/pharmacology; Pulmonary Circulation/drug effects/physiology; Rats; Sex Characteristics; Sinoatrial Node/*physiology; Sympathetic Nervous System/drug effects/*physiology
We tested the hypothesis that reflex responses to mechanical [increase in left atrial pressure (LAP) 0-25 mmHg] and chemical stimulation [left atrial injection of phenylbiguanide (PBG), 0.5-10 mg/kg] of cardiopulmonary receptors are greater in female (n = 9; 335 +/- 9 g) than in male (n = 10; 558 +/- 23 g) age-matched rats. Anesthetized (500 mg/kg urethan and 80 mg/kg alpha-chloralose), tracheotomized, and artificially ventilated (100% oxygen), sinoaortic-denervated animals were instrumented with left atrial, femoral venous, and arterial catheters and a Tygon occluder around the ascending aorta. Reflex inhibition of lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (LSNA) vs. LAP and dose PBG was higher in female rats. A two-way analysis of variance revealed a significant gender effect, males vs. females (P = 0.023), and a significant gender x dose interaction (P \textless 0.001) for LSNA vs. LAP. There was also a significant gender x dose interaction (P \textless 0.001) for LSNA vs. PBG. However, there was no influence of gender on the reflex inhibition of mean arterial pressure (P = 0.751) or heart rate (P = 0.561). These responses were associated with a higher left ventricular weight-to-body weight ratio in females (2.14 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.95 +/- 0.07 g/kg, P = 0.039).
Scislo T J; DiCarlo S E
The American journal of physiology
1994
1994-10
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1994.267.4.H1537" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1152/ajpheart.1994.267.4.H1537</a>
Using the Sauvegrain method to predict peak height velocity in boys and girls.
*Growth; Adolescence; Adolescent; Age Determination by Skeleton – Methods; Age Determination by Skeleton/*methods; Body Height – Physiology; Body Height/*physiology; Child; Elbow – Radiography; Elbow/*diagnostic imaging; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Growth; Human; Humans; Male; Observer Bias; Observer Variation; Prospective Studies; Reproducibility of Results; Reproduction; Sex Characteristics
BACKGROUND: Correlating peak height velocity (PHV) with assessments of skeletal maturity has important implications in the treatment of scoliosis and other pediatric orthopaedic disorders. This study aims to compare the appearance of the elbow to the PHV in both boys and girls. METHODS: We selected 20 children who participated in the Brush Inquiry, a comprehensive study of the development of healthy children. The PHV was identified for each subject. Three observers used the Sauvegrain method to score the elbow maturity of these subjects at 5 visits (PHV -2 years, PHV -1 year, PHV, PHV +1 year, PHV +2 years). Reliability was tested with intraclass correlation coefficients, and maturity scores were compared with the PHV timing. RESULTS: An interrater reliability score of r = 0.915 and an intrarater reliability score of r = 0.909 indicate that this method can be reliably and consistently applied to differentiate elbow x-rays of varying skeletal maturities in children. The mean total scores of boys and girls seem to be equal at the 5 visits. There were no total scores of 26 or higher for boys or girls at PHV. CONCLUSIONS: The Sauvegrain score in adolescent boys and girls is reliable, and a score of 26 or higher indicates that the child has passed PHV. There is a strong trend for the mean total score of boys to equal that of girls at each stage relative to the PHV. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Hans Sarah D; Sanders James O; Cooperman Daniel R
Journal of pediatric orthopedics
2008
2008-12
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0b013e31818ee3c4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/BPO.0b013e31818ee3c4</a>
Alterations in the mechanical properties and composition of skin in human growth hormone transgenic mice.
*Biomechanical Phenomena; *Skin Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Elasticity; Female; Human Growth Hormone/*genetics; Humans; Male; Mechanical; Mice; Sex Characteristics; Skin/anatomy & histology/*chemistry; Stress; Transgenic
Growth hormone is known to stimulate connective tissue, but the degree to which it influences skin biomechanical properties is unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that human growth hormone transgene expression changes the material properties and structural composition of adult mouse skin. Fracture toughness and elastic modulus were measured on freshly dissected dorsal skin and fixed samples were analyzed histologically. Transgenics had higher elastic moduli than their sex-matched non transgenic littermates, and male transgenics demonstrated increased fracture toughness. Male transgenics also had thicker skin than controls with a selectively increased dermis. In contrast, female transgenics had thinner skin than controls due to a reduced hypodermis. Biomechanical and histological variables were strongly correlated. Significant sex differences were present in nearly all comparisons indicating a dimorphic response to growth hormone in the skin. These data demonstrate that constant low-level growth hormone expression in marrow differentially affects skin layer thickness and concomitantly alters its biomechanical properties.
Serrat Maria A; Vinyard Christopher J; King Donna
Connective tissue research
2007
1905-6
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/03008200601021373" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1080/03008200601021373</a>
Estrogen differentially modulates nicotine-evoked dopamine release from the striatum of male and female rats.
Animals; Corpus Striatum/drug effects/*metabolism; Dopamine/*metabolism; Estradiol/*pharmacology; Female; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Male; Nicotine/*pharmacology; Orchiectomy; Ovariectomy; Rats; Sex Characteristics; Sprague-Dawley
In the present experiment we examined the effects of an in vitro infusion of nicotine (10 microM) upon dopamine release from superfused striatum of castrated male and female rats treated or not treated with estrogen. Estrogen exerted bidirectional effects on nicotine-evoked dopamine release as a function of the sex of the animal. Nicotine-evoked dopamine release was increased in estrogen treated females and decreased in estrogen treated males. Peak nicotine-evoked dopamine output from estrogen treated females was significantly greater than that of estrogen treated males. These results may be related to the gender differences in response to nicotine and smoking behavior.
Dluzen D E; Anderson L I
Neuroscience letters
1997
1997-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00487-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00487-4</a>
Gender and the behavioral manifestations of neuropathic pain.
*Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Animal/*physiology; Animals; Behavior; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones/pharmacology; Hyperalgesia/psychology; Inbred F344; Male; Orchiectomy; Ovariectomy; Pain Measurement/drug effects; Pain Threshold/drug effects; Pain/etiology/*psychology; Rats; Sex Characteristics
A model of peripheral nerve injury was used to study gender differences in the development and progression of chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia in male and female Fischer 344 FBNF1 hybrid rats. Rats were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups: (1) gonadally intact unligated males (male); (2) gonadally intact ligated males (male (CCI)); (3) castrated ligated males (male (CAS/CCI)); (4) gonadally intact unligated females (female); (5) gonadally intact ligated females (female (CCI)); and (6) ovariectomized ligated females (female (OVX/CCI)). A plantar analgesia meter and calibrated von Frey pressure filaments were used as the analgesiometric assays. In the absence of nerve injury, gonadally intact males responded significantly faster than females to a thermal nociceptive stimulus. The onset of the behavioral manifestations of unilateral ligation of the sciatic nerve did not differ as a function of sex or hormonal status (e.g., gonadally intact and gonadectomized male and female rats developed thermal hyperalgesia within 14 days post-CCI). Paw withdrawal latency (PWL) values of gonadally intact males returned to baseline control values after postligation day 14, whereas gonadally intact females, ovariectomized females and castrated males continued to elicit robust thermal hyperalgesic symptoms throughout the 35-day duration of the experiment. Allodynic responses to peripheral nerve injury were less variable across genders. These data suggest that the mechanisms underlying chronic nociceptive processing differ as a function of gender and gonadal hormone status.
Tall J M; Stuesse S L; Cruce W L; Crisp T
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior
2001
2001-01
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00461-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00461-5</a>
Daily exercise reduces fat, protein and body mass in male but not female rats.
*Body Mass Index; Adipose Tissue/*metabolism; Animals; Body Composition/*physiology; Body Weight/physiology; Energy Metabolism/*physiology; Female; Gonadal Steroid Hormones/physiology; Male; Physical Exertion/*physiology; Proteins/*metabolism; Rats; Sex Characteristics; Sprague-Dawley
This study was designed to compare the estimated energy balance, linear growth (body and bone lengths) and body composition (all components including body mass, total body water, fat, protein and ash) response to daily spontaneous running (DSR) in young male and female rats. We tested the hypothesis that due to gender differences in energy efficiency, DSR would reduce linear growth and body composition more in male rats. Fourteen male and sixteen female weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either a sedentary (SED) control (male 7, female 8) or DSR (male 7, female 8) group. The DSR rats were allowed to run spontaneously in running wheels while SED rats remained in standard rat cages for 9 weeks. Body mass, running distance and food intake were measured over the nine week period. Subsequently, chemical analysis was performed to measure carcass content of water, protein, fat and ash. Linear growth was assessed by measures of body and bone lengths. The estimated energy balance of the DSR rats was computed and compared between genders. Estimated energy balance was significantly more negative in females than males due to significantly greater DSR distance. Body and bone lengths were similar among the SED and DSR female and SED and DSR male rats. However, whole body mass, fat mass and protein mass were significantly lower only in DSR males. These results demonstrate that DSR reduced body mass, body fat and protein mass in male rats but not in female rats despite a more negative estimated energy balance in female rats. These findings suggest that females are better protected from an energy deficit due to DSR. Possible mechanisms include gender-specific hormonal responses.
Cortright R N; Chandler M P; Lemon P W; DiCarlo S E
Physiology & behavior
1997
1997-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(97)00148-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/s0031-9384(97)00148-0</a>
Diabetes reduces growth and body composition more in male than in female rats.
Aging/physiology; Animals; Blood Glucose/metabolism; Body Composition/*physiology; Body Weight/physiology; Diabetes Mellitus; Experimental/*physiopathology; Female; Growth/*physiology; Inbred Lew; Male; Rats; Sex Characteristics
Food restriction and/or starvation has a consistently greater and more permanent effect on physical growth in males than in females. Because diabetes may be viewed as being analogous to starvation, we tested the hypothesis that diabetes would reduce growth more in male than in female rats. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (65-125 mg/kg IP) at 3 weeks of age in 7 female and 10 male Lewis rats. Body weight (BW) and blood glucose (bGlc) were measured over the following 8 weeks. Subsequently, animals were assessed for body (ano-nasal; ANL) and bone length (tibia; TBL) and chemically analyzed for body composition. Results were compared to age-matched controls (male = 11; female = 9). A 2-way factorial analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with body weight as the covariate, was used to test for statistical significance for the effects of gender and diabetes on body composition (fat and protein mass) and linear growth because control males and females had significantly different body weights. There were no significant differences in bGlc between genders. However, males had a greater decrease from controls in BW (-45% vs. -13%), protein (-48% vs. -11%), fat (-89% vs. -65%), TBL (-13% vs. 0%), and ANL (-17% vs. -5%) compared to females. In addition, males had a greater absolute decrease from controls in protein (-40 g vs. -5 g) and fat (-39 g vs. -23 g) mass. These results suggest that male rats are more susceptible than females to the deleterious effects of diabetes on linear growth and body composition.
Cortright R N; Collins H L; Chandler M P; Lemon P W; DiCarlo S E
Physiology & behavior
1996
1996-11
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(96)00222-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/s0031-9384(96)00222-3</a>
Aging and sex differences in striatal dopaminergic function.
3; 4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid/metabolism; Aging/*physiology; Amphetamine/pharmacology; Animals; Chemical; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology; Dopamine/metabolism/*physiology; Female; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Mice; Neostriatum/metabolism/*physiology; Organ Size/physiology; Potassium/pharmacology; Sex Characteristics; Stimulation; Uterus/physiology
In this report the potassium- (30 mM) and amphetamine- (10 microM) stimulated responses of dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxy phenylacetic acid (DOPAC) from superfused striatal tissue of female and male mice as sampled at 2, 6, 18 and 24 months of age were compared. When assessed relative to responses obtained from
McDermott J L; Dluzen D E
Neuroscience
2007
2007-10
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.06.058" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.06.058</a>
Zinc sulfate taste acuity reflects dietary zinc intake in males.
*Nutrition assessment; *Nutrition Assessment; *Nutritional deficiency; *Taste; *Taste perception; *Taste Perception; *Zinc deficiency; *Zinc taste test; Adolescent; Adult; Astringents/*metabolism; Deficiency Diseases/*diagnosis/etiology/metabolism/physiopathology; Diet/*adverse effects; Female; Humans; Male; Nutritional Status; Reproducibility of Results; Self Report; Sex Characteristics; Students; Universities; West Virginia; Young Adult; Zinc Sulfate/*metabolism; Zinc/administration & dosage/*deficiency
Gauging an individual's response after they taste a solution of zinc sulfate has been proposed as a method of determining nutritional zinc deficiency, a so-called "zinc taste test." Despite the lack of evidence regarding any relationship between dietary zinc intake and zinc sulfate taste acuity, clinicians continue to utilize zinc sulfate taste testing with their patients. Therefore, assessing the relationship between zinc sulfate taste acuity and dietary zinc intake is warranted. This report assessed 363 individuals (77 males, 286 females) for zinc sulfate taste acuity and dietary zinc intake. Zinc sulfate taste acuity was assessed by both the Bryce-Smith & Simpson zinc taste test (BSZTT) and the taste intensity visual analog scale (TIVAS). Dietary intake of zinc was assessed by a zinc-specific food frequency questionnaire (ZnFFQ). Zinc sulfate taste acuity, as measured by the TIVAS, was found to be significantly different between the sexes (U = 8766; p = 0.013). Males averaged a TIVAS score of 21.58 +/- 2.52 (Mean +/- SEM) whereas females had a TIVAS score averaging 31.49 +/- 1.67. No correlations were found between female zinc sulfate taste perception and dietary zinc intake as measured by both the BSZTT (rs = 0.014; p = 0.816) and the TIVAS (rs = 0.025; p = 0.679). Similarly, male zinc intake was not correlated with BSZTT scores (rs = 0.199; p = 0.099). However, zinc sulfate taste acuity, measured by the TIVAS, was significantly correlated with dietary zinc intake in the male population (rs = 0.237; p = 0.048). These findings suggest that zinc sulfate taste acuity measurement may aid in the assessment of zinc nutriture among males.
Zdilla Matthew J; Saling Julia R; Starkey Leah D
Clinical nutrition ESPEN
2016
2016-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2015.11.004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.clnesp.2015.11.004</a>
Genetic alteration in the dopamine transporter differentially affects male and female nigrostriatal transporter systems.
Animals; Corpus Striatum/*metabolism; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/*genetics; Female; Male; Messenger/biosynthesis; Mice; Mutant Strains; Protein Binding; Reserpine/pharmacology; RNA; Sex Characteristics; Substantia Nigra/*metabolism; Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/biosynthesis/*physiology
Female mice with a heterozygous mutation of their dopamine transporter (+/- DAT) showed relatively robust reductions in striatal DAT specific binding (38-50%), while +/- DAT males showed modest reductions (24-32%). Significant decreases in substantia nigra DAT specific binding (42%) and mRNA (24%) were obtained in +/- DAT females, but not +/- DAT males (19% and 5%, respectively). The effects of this DAT perturbation upon vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2) function revealed significantly greater reserpine-evoked DA output from +/+ and +/- DAT female as compared to male mice and the DA output profile differed markedly between +/+ and +/- DAT females, but not males. No changes in VMAT-2 protein or mRNA levels were present among these conditions. On the basis of these data, we propose: (1) a genetic mutation of the DAT does not exert equivalent effects upon the DAT in female and male mice, with females being more affected; (2) an alteration in the DAT may also affect VMAT-2 function; (3) this interaction between DAT and VMAT-2 function is more prevalent in female mice; and (4) the +/- DAT mutation affects VMAT-2 function through an indirect mechanism, that does not involve an alteration in VMAT-2 protein or mRNA. Such DAT/VMAT-2 interactions can be of significance to the gender differences observed in drug addiction and Parkinson's disease.
Ji Jing; Bourque Melanie; Di Paolo Therese; Dluzen Dean E
Biochemical pharmacology
2009
2009-12
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2009.07.004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.bcp.2009.07.004</a>
Exacerbation of sensorimotor dysfunction in mice deficient in Atp13a2 and overexpressing human wildtype alpha-synuclein.
*Alpha-synuclein; *ATP13A2; *Mice; *Phenotype; *Sensorimotor; Adenosine Triphosphatases/*deficiency/genetics; alpha-Synuclein/genetics/*metabolism; Animal; Animals; Body Temperature; Body Weight; Disease Models; Female; Gait Disorders; Humans; Inbred C57BL; Male; Membrane Proteins/*deficiency/genetics; Mice; Motor Skills/physiology; Neurologic/*metabolism; Phenotype; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Characteristics; Transgenic
Loss of function mutations in the gene ATP13A2 are associated with Kufor-Rakeb Syndrome and Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis, the former designated as an inherited form of Parkinson's disease (PD). The function of ATP13A2 is unclear but in vitro studies indicate it is a lysosomal protein and may interact with the presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (aSyn) and certain heavy metals. Accumulation of aSyn is a major component of lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of PD. Atp13a2-deficient (13a2) mice develop age-dependent sensorimotor deficits, and accumulation of insoluble aSyn in the brain. To better understand the interaction between ATP13A2 and aSyn, double mutant mice with loss of Atp13a2 function combined with overexpression of human wildtype aSyn were generated. Female and male wildtype (WT), 13a2, aSyn, and 13a2-aSyn mice were tested on a battery of sensorimotor tests including adhesive removal, challenging beam traversal, spontaneous activity, gait, locomotor activity, and nest-building at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Double mutant mice showed an earlier onset and accelerated alterations in sensorimotor function that were age, sex and test-dependent. Female 13a2-aSyn mice showed early and progressive dysfunction on the beam and in locomotor activity. In males, 13a2-aSyn mice showed more severe impairments in spontaneous activity and adhesive removal. Sex differences were also observed in aSyn and 13a2-aSyn mice on the beam, cylinder, and adhesive removal tests. In other tasks, double mutant mice displayed deficits similar to aSyn mice. These results indicate loss of Atp13a2 function exacerbates the sensorimotor phenotype in aSyn mice in an age and sex-dependent manner.
Dirr Emily R; Ekhator Osunde R; Blackwood Rachel; Holden John G; Masliah Eliezer; Schultheis Patrick J; Fleming Sheila M
Behavioural brain research
2018
2018-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2018.01.029" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.bbr.2018.01.029</a>
Linking Sex Differences in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease to Bile Acid Signaling, Gut Microbiota, and High Fat Diet.
*Diet; *Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Bile Acids and Salts; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; High-Fat; Humans; Sex Characteristics
This commentary highlights the article by Jena et al that studied the complex interplay between diet, bile acids, sex, and dysbiosis in hepatic steatosis and inflammation.
Chiang John Y L
The American journal of pathology
2017
2017-08
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.06.001" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.06.001</a>
Estrogen as a neuroprotectant against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in C57/B1 mice.
*MPTP Poisoning; Animals; Corpus Striatum/drug effects/*metabolism/pathology; Dopamine/*metabolism; Drug Implants; Estradiol/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Female; Inbred C57BL; Male; Mice; Neuroprotective Agents/administration & dosage/*pharmacology; Neurotoxins; Olfactory Pathways/drug effects/*metabolism/pathology; Orchiectomy; Ovariectomy; Sex Characteristics
Castrated retired breeder male and female mice were treated or not with a 17 beta-estradiol pellet. At 10 days postcastration +/- estrogen treatment all animals were treated with MPTP. Five days later, concentrations of dopamine were determined from the corpus striatum and olfactory tubercle. Both castrated male and female mice treated with estrogen had significantly greater concentrations of dopamine within the corpus striatum compared with their respective gender controls, which did not receive estrogen. By contrast, no statistically significant differences in olfactory tubercle dopamine concentrations were obtained. Overall concentrations of dopamine within the corpus striatum, but not olfactory tubercle, were substantially greater in female vs. male mice. These data demonstrate that treatment with estrogen prevents reductions in corpus striatal dopamine concentrations in castrated mice treated with MPTP. Interestingly, this effect of estrogen was observed in both male and female mice. These results suggest that estrogen may serve as a neuroprotectant against an agent that is toxic to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in both male and female animal models of Parkinsonism.
Dluzen D E; McDermott J L; Liu B
Neurotoxicology and teratology
1996
1996-10
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0892-0362(96)00086-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0892-0362(96)00086-4</a>
The lethal effects of ethanol and cocaine and their combination in mice: implications for cocaethylene formation.
Animals; Central Nervous System Depressants/*toxicity; Cocaine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism/toxicity; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/*toxicity; Dose-Response Relationship; Drug; Drug Interactions; Ethanol/*toxicity; Female; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Mice; Sex Characteristics
The HS line of mice was used to determine the LD50 values for cocaine and ethanol, as well as for cocaethylene, the enzymatic product of their coadministration. The LD50 of cocaethylene was found to be significantly lower than that of cocaine, and both were more potent in their lethality than ethanol. When a low-lethality dose of cocaine was administered with a nonlethal dose of ethanol, the result was a significant increase in the prevalence of lethality. Thus, the lethal effects of the dose of cocaine used were increased by the dose of ethanol administered such that the two drugs in combination were equipotent to cocaethylene. The results are discussed in light of the ability of the liver, via transestification, to rapidly form cocaethylene from cocaine in addition to ethanol's ability to decrease the catabolism of cocaine. Thus, the possibility exists that the increased lethality observed is produced by both the production of the more lethal cocaethylene and sustained levels of cocaine.
Schechter M D; Meehan S M
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior
1995
1995-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(95)00098-h" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0091-3057(95)00098-h</a>
Role of dopamine D1 receptors in cocaine lethality.
Animals; Benzazepines/pharmacology; Cocaine/*toxicity; Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology; Dopamine D1/agonists/antagonists & inhibitors/*drug effects; Female; Inbred Strains; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Mice; Phenanthridines/pharmacology; Receptors; Sex Characteristics
One group of heterogeneously bred HS mice was assigned to test coadministration of the selective D1 antagonist SCH 23390 with a dose of cocaine (95 mg/kg) that was observed to produce 80% lethality, whereas a second group was tested by cotreatment with the newly developed full-efficacy D1 agonist dihydrexidine (DHX) and a dose of (60 mg/kg) cocaine previously shown to be nonlethal. The mice in the former group displayed decreased lethality going from 80% with coadministered vehicle to 15% after pretreatment with the highest dose (0.45 mg/kg) of SCH 23390. In the other group of mice there was no lethality seen when vehicle or 10 mg/kg DHX was coadministered with 60 mg/kg cocaine, but a dose-responsive increase in lethality with increasing DHX doses; the maximal lethality of 80% occurred when 25 mg/kg DHX was coadministered with cocaine. These results confirm the effects of D1 antagonism decreasing cocaine lethality as reported previously when rats were used, and extend the findings to D1 agonism; both observations evidence a role for the D1 receptor in the lethal effects, be they central, cardiopulmonary, or anesthetic, of cocaine.
Schechter M D; Meehan S M
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior
1995
1995-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(95)00046-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0091-3057(95)00046-y</a>
Sex differences in nitric oxide-mediated attenuation of vascular reactivity to vasopressin are abolished by gonadectomy.
*Orchiectomy; *Ovariectomy; Acetylcholine/pharmacology; Animals; Aorta; Arginine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology; Female; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Muscle; Muscle Contraction/drug effects; Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors/*physiology; omega-N-Methylarginine; Phenylephrine/pharmacology; Potassium Chloride/pharmacology; Rats; Sex Characteristics; Smooth; Sprague-Dawley; Thoracic/drug effects/physiology; Vascular/drug effects/*physiology; Vasopressins/*pharmacology
In the rat thoracic aorta, contractile responses to vasopressin are two-fold higher in females than in males, primarily because nitric oxide-mediated attenuation of contraction is greater in males than in females. To determine the role of the gonadal steroids in this phenomenon, the effects of gonadectomy on nitric oxide and vascular reactivity to vasopressin were examined in thoracic aortae of age-matched intact and gonadectomized male and female rats. Maximal response to vasopressin was markedly higher in gonadectomized-male than in intact-male aortae (2729 +/- 421 vs. 1375 +/- 222 mg/mg ring weight; P \textless 0.01). Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with NG-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 250 microM) enhanced maximal response of intact-male (2824 +/- 413 mg/mg ring weight; P \textless 0.01) but not gonadectomized-male aortae (3034 +/- 365 mg/mg ring weight; P \textgreater 0.05). Sensitivity of male aortae to vasopressin was unaffected by gonadectomy or
Stallone J N
European journal of pharmacology
1994
1994-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(94)90654-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0014-2999(94)90654-8</a>
Testosterone modulation of striatal dopamine output in orchidectomized mice.
Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology; Animals; Corpus Striatum/drug effects/*metabolism; Dopamine/*metabolism/pharmacology; Male; Mice; Neural Pathways/drug effects/*metabolism; Orchiectomy; Potassium Chloride/pharmacology; Presynaptic Terminals/drug effects/metabolism; Reserpine/pharmacology; Sex Characteristics; Substantia Nigra/drug effects/*metabolism; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/physiology; Synaptic Vesicles/drug effects/metabolism; Testosterone/*metabolism; Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins/drug effects/metabolism
Three experiments are presented in which dopamine (DA) responses from superfused striatal tissue of orchidectomized (ORCH) mice treated or not with testosterone (T) are compared. In experiment 1, potassium-stimulated DA output was significantly greater in ORCH vs. ORCH+T mice. This profile was reversed when reserpine was infused in experiment 2, with DA output being significantly greater in ORCH+T vs. ORCH mice. In experiment 3, the amount of DA recovered following infusion of DA indicated no statistically significant differences in DA recoveries between ORCH and ORCH+T mice as tested in this paradigm. The findings that both potassium- and reserpine-induced DA responses are altered significantly by T suggests that one potential site of T action might involve the storage/uptake of DA within the vesicles of these neurons. Such results have important implications with regard to understanding the sex differences that are present in nigrostriatal dopaminergic function within health and diseased states.
Shemisa Kamal; Kunnathur Vidhya; Liu Bin; Salvaterra Ty J; Dluzen Dean E
Synapse (New York, N.Y.)
2006
2006-10
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/syn.20309" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/syn.20309</a>