1
40
8
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.217562" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.217562</a>
ISSN
1477-9145 0022-0949
Search for Full-text
Locate full-text within NEOMED Library's e-journal collections
<a href="http://neomed.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.217562" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NEOMED Full-text Holding (if available) - Proxy DOI: 10.1242/jeb.217562</a>
<p>Users with a NEOMED Library login can search for full-text journal articles at the following url: <a href="https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/home">https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/home</a></p>
Update Year & Number
June 2020 Update II
NEOMED College
NEOMED College of Medicine
NEOMED Department
NEOMED Student Publications
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Asymmetrical gait kinematics of free-ranging callitrichines in response to changes in substrate diameter and orientation.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
The Journal of experimental biology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2020
2020-05-15
Subject
The topic of the resource
locomotion; Primate; Stability
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Dunham Noah T; McNamara Allison; Shapiro Liza J; Phelps Taylor; Young Jesse W
Description
An account of the resource
Arboreal environments present considerable biomechanical challenges for animals moving and foraging among substrates varying in diameter, orientation, and compliance. Most studies of quadrupedal gait kinematics in primates and other arboreal mammals have focused on symmetrical walking gaits and the significance of diagonal sequence gaits. Considerably less research has examined asymmetrical gaits, despite their prevalence in small-bodied arboreal taxa. Here we examine whether and how free-ranging callitrichine primates adjust asymmetrical gait kinematics to changes in substrate diameter and orientation, as well as how variation in gait kinematics affects substrate displacement. We used high-speed video to film free-ranging Saguinus tripartitus and Cebuella pygmaea inhabiting the Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador. We found that Saguinus used bounding and half-bounding gaits on larger substrates versus gallops and symmetrical gaits on smaller substrates, and also shifted several kinematic parameters consistent with attenuating forces transferred from the animal to the substrate. Similarly, Cebuella shifted from high impact bounding gaits on larger substrates to using more half-bounding gaits on smaller substrates; however, kinematic adjustments to substrate diameter were not as profound as in Saguinus Both species adjusted gait kinematics to changes in substrate orientation; however, gait kinematics did not significantly affect empirical measures of substrate displacement in either species. Due to their small body size, claw-like nails, and reduced grasping capabilities, callitrichines arguably represent extant biomechanical analogues for an early stage in primate evolution. As such, greater attention should be placed on understanding asymmetrical gait dynamics for insight into hypotheses concerning early primate locomotor evolution.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.217562" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1242/jeb.217562</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
journalArticle
2020
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Dunham Noah T
journalArticle
June 2020 Update II
Locomotion
McNamara Allison
NEOMED College of Medicine Student
NEOMED Student Publications
Phelps Taylor
Primate
Shapiro Liza J
Stability
The Journal of experimental biology
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23055" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23055</a>
Rights
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Pages
N.PAG-N.PAG
Issue
9
Volume
81
ISSN
2752565
Search for Full-text
Locate full-text within NEOMED Library's e-journal collections
<a href="http://ezproxy.neomed.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23055" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NEOMED Full-text Holding (if available) - Proxy DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23055</a>
<p>Users with a NEOMED Library login can search for full-text journal articles at the following url: <a href="https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/home">https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/home</a></p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The effects of natural substrate discontinuities on the quadrupedal gait kinematics of free‐ranging Saimiri sciureus.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
American Journal Of Primatology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2019
2019-09
Subject
The topic of the resource
positional behavior; arboreal locomotion; KINEMATICS; PRIMATES; ECUADOR; QUADRUPEDALISM; squirrel monkeys; asymmetrical walking; squirrel monkeys; wild primates; COMPLEX matrices; HUMAN kinematics; WALKING speed
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
McNamara Allison; Dunham Noah T; Shapiro Liza J; Young Jesse W
Description
An account of the resource
Wild primates encounter complex matrices of substrates that differ in size, orientation, height, and compliance, and often move on multiple, discontinuous substrates within a single bout of locomotion. Our current understanding of primate gait is limited by artificial laboratory settings in which primate quadrupedal gait has primarily been studied. This study analyzes wild Saimiri sciureus (common squirrel monkey) gait on discontinuous substrates to capture the realistic effects of the complex arboreal habitat on walking kinematics. We collected high‐speed video footage at Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador between August and October 2017. Overall, the squirrel monkeys used more asymmetrical walking gaits than symmetrical gaits, and specifically asymmetrical lateral sequence walking gaits when moving across discontinuous substrates. When individuals used symmetrical gaits, they used diagonal sequence gaits more than lateral sequence gaits. In addition, individuals were more likely to change their footfall sequence during strides on discontinuous substrates. Squirrel monkeys increased the time lag between touchdowns both of ipsilaterally paired limbs (pair lag) and of the paired forelimbs (forelimb lag) when walking across discontinuous substrates compared to continuous substrates. Results indicate that gait flexibility and the ability to alter footfall patterns during quadrupedal walking may be critical for primates to safely move in their complex arboreal habitats. Notably, wild squirrel monkey quadrupedalism is diverse and flexible with high proportions of asymmetrical walking. Studying kinematics in the wild is critical for understanding the complexity of primate quadrupedalism. Research Highlights: Free‐ranging Saimiri sciureus quadrupedal gait is more variable than has previously been shown in the laboratory setting and includes a combination of asymmetrical and symmetrical walking gaits, lateral sequence gaits, and diagonal sequence gaits when moving across discontinuous substrates.Primates utilize gait flexibility to navigate their complex, arboreal habitats.Saimiri increases the delay in forelimb touchdowns when moving across discontinuous substrates, supporting the hypothesis that forelimbs may be used to explore the stability of a new substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23055" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajp.23055</a><br /><br /><span>PMID: 31578748</span>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Journal Article
2019
American journal of primatology
arboreal locomotion
asymmetrical walking
COMPLEX matrices
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Dunham Noah T
ECUADOR
HUMAN kinematics
Journal Article
Kinematics
McNamara Allison
NEOMED College of Medicine
NEOMED College of Medicine Postdoc
NEOMED Postdoc Publications
November 2019 Update
Positional behavior
Primates
quadrupedalism
Shapiro Liza J
squirrel monkeys
WALKING speed
wild primates
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23942" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23942</a>
Rights
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Pages
565-578
Issue
4
Volume
170
ISSN
29483
Search for Full-text
Locate full-text within NEOMED Library's e-journal collections
<a href="http://ezproxy.neomed.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23942" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NEOMED Full-text Holding (if available) - Proxy DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23942</a>
<p>Users with a NEOMED Library login can search for full-text journal articles at the following url: <a href="https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/home">https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/home</a></p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Effects of substrate and phylogeny on quadrupedal gait in free‐ranging platyrrhines.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
American Journal Of Physical Anthropology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2019
2019-12
Subject
The topic of the resource
arboreal quadrupedalism; MAMMALS; locomotion; platyrrhine; PHYLOGENY; QUADRUPEDALISM; NEW World monkeys; phylogenetic eigenvector; COSTA Rica
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Dunham Noah T; McNamara Allison; Shapiro Liza J; Hieronymus Tobin L; Phelps Taylor; Young Jesse W
Description
An account of the resource
Objectives: Primate diagonal sequence (DS) gaits are often argued to be an adaptation for moving and foraging in the fine‐branch niche; however, existing data have come predominantly from laboratory studies that are limited in taxonomic breadth and fail to account for the structural and ecological variation of natural substrates. We test the extent to which substrate diameter and orientation influence gait sequence type and limb phase in free‐ranging primates, as well as how phylogenetic relatedness might condition response patterns. Materials and methods: We filmed quadrupedal locomotion in 11 platyrrhine species at field sites in Ecuador and Costa Rica and measured the diameter and orientation of locomotor substrates using remote sensors. We quantified limb phase values and classified strides by gait sequence type (N = 988 strides). Results: Our results show that most of the species in our sample consistently used DS gaits, regardless of substrate diameter or orientation; however, all taxa also used asymmetrical and/or lateral sequence gaits. By incorporating phylogenetic eigenvectors into our models, we found significant differences in gait sequence patterns and limb phase values among the major platyrrhine clades, suggesting that phylogeny may be a better predictor of gait than substrate diameter or orientation. Discussion: Our field data generally corroborate locomotor patterns from laboratory studies but capture additional aspects of gait variability and flexibility in response to the complexity of natural environments. Overall, our results suggest that DS gaits are not exclusively tailored to narrow or oblique substrates but are used on arboreal substrates in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23942" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.23942</a>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Journal Article
2019
American journal of physical anthropology
arboreal quadrupedalism
COSTA Rica
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Dunham Noah T
Hieronymus Tobin L
Journal Article
Locomotion
Mammals
McNamara Allison
NEOMED College of Medicine
NEOMED College of Medicine Postdoc
NEOMED Postdoc Publications
New World monkeys
November 2019 Update
Phelps Taylor
phylogenetic eigenvector
Phylogeny
platyrrhine
quadrupedalism
Shapiro Liza J
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.05.012" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.05.012</a>
Rights
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Pages
23-31
Volume
133
Search for Full-text
Locate full-text within NEOMED Library's e-journal collections
<p>Users with a NEOMED Library login can search for full-text journal articles at the following url: <a href="https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/home">https://libraryguides.neomed.edu/home</a></p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
My branch is your branch: Talar morphology correlates with relative substrate size in platyrrhines at Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Journal of Human Evolution
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2019
2019-08
Subject
The topic of the resource
Adaptation; Allometry; Fibular facet angle; Functional morphology; Medial talotibial facet; Positional behavior
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Boyer Doug M; Yapuncich Gabriel S; Dunham Noah T; McNamara Allison; Shapiro Liza J; Hieronymus Tobin L; Young Jesse W
Description
An account of the resource
Given that most species of primates are predominantly arboreal, maintaining the ability to move among branches of varying sizes has presumably been a common selective force in primate evolution. However, empirical evaluations of the relationships between morphological variation and characteristics of substrate geometry, such as substrate diameter relative to an animal's body mass, have been limited by the lack of quantified substrate usage in the wild. Here we use recently published quantitative data to assess the relationships between relative substrate size and talar morphology in nine New World monkey species at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador. Within this sample, both fibular facet angle (the angle between the fibular facet and the trochlear rims) and body-mass-standardized area of the medial tibial facet decrease as average and maximum relative substrate size increases. Correlations between medial tibial facet area and relative substrate size are driven by the inclusion of callitrichids in this sample. Nevertheless, these findings strengthen the hypothesis that variation in fibular facet orientation and medial tibial facet area are functionally correlated with habitual degrees of pedal inversion. They also strengthen the notion that evolutionarily changing body mass could impact habitat geometry experienced by a lineage and thereby substantially impact major trends in primate morphological evolution. This study highlights the importance of empirical data on substrate use in living primates for inferring functional and evolutionary implications of morphological variation.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.05.012" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.05.012</a>
2019
Adaptation
allometry
Boyer Doug M
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Dunham Noah T
Fibular facet angle
Functional morphology
Hieronymus Tobin L
Journal of human evolution
McNamara Allison
Medial talotibial facet
NEOMED College of Medicine
NEOMED College of Medicine Postdoc
Positional behavior
September 2019 Update
Shapiro Liza J
Yapuncich Gabriel S
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101758" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101758</a>
Pages
e101758–e101758
Issue
7
Volume
9
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Human quadrupeds, primate quadrupedalism, and Uner Tan Syndrome.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
PloS one
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2014
2014
Subject
The topic of the resource
Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Animals; Child; Infant; Gait/*physiology; Syndrome; *Primates; Posture/physiology; Walking/*physiology; Molecular; Evolution
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Shapiro Liza J; Cole Whitney G; Young Jesse W; Raichlen David A; Robinson Scott R; Adolph Karen E
Description
An account of the resource
Since 2005, an extensive literature documents individuals from several families afflicted with "Uner Tan Syndrome (UTS)," a condition that in its most extreme form is characterized by cerebellar hypoplasia, loss of balance and coordination, impaired cognitive abilities, and habitual quadrupedal gait on hands and feet. Some researchers have interpreted habitual use of quadrupedalism by these individuals from an evolutionary perspective, suggesting that it represents an atavistic expression of our quadrupedal primate ancestry or "devolution." In support of this idea, individuals with "UTS" are said to use diagonal sequence quadrupedalism, a type of quadrupedal gait that distinguishes primates from most other mammals. Although the use of primate-like quadrupedal gait in humans would not be sufficient to support the conclusion of evolutionary "reversal," no quantitative gait analyses were presented to support this claim. Using standard gait analysis of 518 quadrupedal strides from video sequences of individuals with "UTS", we found that these humans almost exclusively used lateral sequence-not diagonal sequence-quadrupedal gaits. The quadrupedal gait of these individuals has therefore been erroneously described as primate-like, further weakening the "devolution" hypothesis. In fact, the quadrupedalism exhibited by individuals with UTS resembles that of healthy adult humans asked to walk quadrupedally in an experimental setting. We conclude that quadrupedalism in healthy adults or those with a physical disability can be explained using biomechanical principles rather than evolutionary assumptions.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101758" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1371/journal.pone.0101758</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
*Primates
2014
Adolph Karen E
Adult
Animals
Child
Cole Whitney G
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Evolution
Female
Gait/*physiology
Humans
Infant
Male
Molecular
NEOMED College of Medicine
PloS one
Posture/physiology
Raichlen David A
Robinson Scott R
Shapiro Liza J
Syndrome
Walking/*physiology
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.12.006" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.12.006</a>
Pages
14–31
Volume
68
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Body size and the small branch niche: using marsupial ontogeny to model primate locomotor evolution.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Journal of human evolution
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2014
2014-03
Subject
The topic of the resource
Animals; Arboreality; Biological Evolution; Biomechanical Phenomena; Body Size/*physiology; Female; Foot/anatomy & histology/physiology; Kinematics; Locomotion/*physiology; Male; Marsupialia/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; Monodelphis; Petaurus; Quadrupedalism
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Shapiro Liza J; Young Jesse W; VandeBerg John L
Description
An account of the resource
Recently proposed ancestral locomotor and morphological 'stages' leading to the evolution of primates have emphasized small body size, and a transition from a clawed non-grasping stage, to a clawed, grasping stage with clawless opposable hallux, to a fully-nailed primate with grasping extremities. This evolutionary transition was presumably associated with frequent use of the small branch niche. To model elements of these evolutionary transitions, we investigate how body size, substrate size, substrate orientation and grasping morphology interact to influence quadrupedal kinematics within and between ontogenetic samples of two small-bodied marsupials, one arboreal (Petaurus breviceps) and the other mainly terrestrial (Monodelphis domestica). Longitudinal morphometric and kinematic data were collected from four juvenile P. breviceps (33-75 g) and two juvenile M. domestica (18-95 g) walking across poles of three diameters (2.5, 1.0, and 0.5 cm) and three orientations (horizontal, 30 degrees incline, 30 degrees decline). The two species responded similarly to some substrate conditions, but diverged in response to others. Kinematic divergence between the two species reflects Monodelphis' relatively shorter digits, reduced grasping ability and greater need for stabilizing mechanisms on narrow substrates. At a given relative body size or pole orientation, Monodelphis used higher limb duty factors, more limbs in support per stride, lower limb phases, and in some conditions, faster speeds compared with Petaurus. Interspecific differences were the least distinct on declined poles, highlighting the particular challenge of this substrate condition, even for arboreally adapted species. Small-bodied, arboreal primate ancestors would likely have employed the kinematic mechanisms common to our model taxa, but those with enhanced grasping adaptations would most likely not have required the increased level of stabilizing mechanisms exhibited by Monodelphis. Thus, using these two species as locomotor models has underscored the functional importance of grasping extremities in primate origins, even if ancestral primates were very small in body size.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.12.006" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.12.006</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
2014
Animals
Arboreality
Biological Evolution
Biomechanical Phenomena
Body Size/*physiology
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Female
Foot/anatomy & histology/physiology
Journal of human evolution
Kinematics
Locomotion/*physiology
Male
Marsupialia/*anatomy & histology/*physiology
Monodelphis
NEOMED College of Medicine
Petaurus
quadrupedalism
Shapiro Liza J
VandeBerg John L
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2020" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2020</a>
Pages
329–343
Issue
5
Volume
325
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Effects of Substrate Size and Orientation on Quadrupedal Gait Kinematics in Mouse Lemurs (Microcebus murinus).
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2016
2016-06
Subject
The topic of the resource
Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cheirogaleidae/*physiology; Female; Gait/*physiology; Male
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Shapiro Liza J; Kemp Addison D; Young Jesse W
Description
An account of the resource
As the smallest living primate, the mouse lemur is a suitable model for reconstructing the locomotor mechanisms by which primate ancestors might have responded to the challenges of an arboreal environment. In this study, we tested the effects of substrate diameter and orientation on quadrupedal gait kinematics in mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus). Mouse lemurs highly preferred asymmetrical to symmetrical gaits as they moved across a flat board and poles of three diameters (2.5, 1.0, and 0.5 cm), set at horizontal, 30 degrees inclined, and 30 degrees declined orientations. During symmetrical gaits, mouse lemurs used diagonal sequence walking and ambling gaits on the same substrates and at the same duty factors for which some similarly sized nonprimate mammals use lateral sequence gaits, suggesting that reliance on diagonal sequence walking in primates may not be explicitly a response to body size relative to substrate diameter. When using asymmetrical gaits, kinematic adjustments to small diameter and/or nonhorizontal substrates included a preference for transverse gallops over other gaits, the avoidance of whole-body suspensions, increases in limb contact duration, and increases in the time interval between the landing of trailing and leading limbs. All of these adjustments are consistent with increasing locomotor stability by dampening center of mass movements and reducing the forces imparted to the substrate. Like mouse lemurs, small-bodied ancestral primates likely used symmetrical gaits occasionally, but more frequently used asymmetrical gaits that were adjusted in response to challenging substrates. Therefore, asymmetrical gait dynamics should be incorporated into hypotheses addressing early primate locomotor evolution.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/jez.2020" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/jez.2020</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
2016
Animals
Biomechanical Phenomena
Cheirogaleidae/*physiology
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Female
Gait/*physiology
Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology
Kemp Addison D
Male
NEOMED College of Medicine
Shapiro Liza J
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23388" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23388</a>
Pages
37–71
Volume
165 Suppl 65
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Developments in development: What have we learned from primate locomotor ontogeny?
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
American journal of physical anthropology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2018
2018-01
Subject
The topic of the resource
*allometry; *gait mechanics; *life history; *locomotor independence; *ontogeny; Animals; Anthropology; Biomechanical Phenomena/*physiology; Bone and Bones/physiology; Female; Gait/*physiology; Hand Strength/physiology; Humans; Locomotion/*physiology; Male; Phylogeny; Physical; Primates/*physiology
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Young Jesse W; Shapiro Liza J
Description
An account of the resource
The importance of locomotion to evolutionary fitness has led to extensive study of primate locomotor behavior, morphology and ecology. Most previous research has focused on adult primates, but in the last few decades, increased attention to locomotor development has provided new insights toward our broader understanding of primate adaptation and evolution. Here, we review the contributions of this body of work from three basic perspectives. First, we assess possible determinants on the timing of locomotor independence, an important life history event. Significant influences on timing of locomotor independence include adult female body mass, age at weaning, and especially relative brain size, a significant predictor of other primate life history variables. Additionally, we found significant phylogenetic differences in the timing of locomotor independence, even accounting for these influences. Second, we discuss how structural aspects of primate growth may enhance the locomotor performance and safety of young primates, despite their inherent neuromotor and musculoskeletal limitations. For example, compared to adults, growing primates have greater muscle mechanical advantage, greater bone robusticity, and larger extremities with relatively long digits. Third, focusing on primate quadrupedalism, we provide examples that illustrate how ontogenetic transitions in morphology and locomotion can serve as a model system for testing broader principles underlying primate locomotor biomechanics. This approach has led to a better understanding of the key features that contribute to primates' stride characteristics, gait patterns, limb force distribution, and limb postures. We have learned a great deal from the study of locomotor ontogeny, but there is much left to explore. We conclude by offering guidelines for future research, both in the laboratory and the field.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23388" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.23388</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
*allometry
*gait mechanics
*life history
*locomotor independence
*ontogeny
2018
American journal of physical anthropology
Animals
Anthropology
Biomechanical Phenomena/*physiology
Bone and Bones/physiology
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Female
Gait/*physiology
Hand Strength/physiology
Humans
Locomotion/*physiology
Male
NEOMED College of Medicine
Phylogeny
Physical
Primates/*physiology
Shapiro Liza J
Young Jesse W