Epidemiology of trauma: Childhood adversities, neighborhood problems, discrimination, chronic strains, life events, and daily hassles among people with a severe mental illness
1st-episode psychosis; adults; Childhood trauma; community; Health; national comorbidity survey; posttraumatic-stress-disorder; prevalence; Psychiatry; quality-of-life; schizophrenia; Serious mental illness; stress; symptoms; world-trade-center
Trauma during childhood and adolescence is a common event among people with a serious psychological disorder. Few studies assess a wide range of stressors for this population. This is surprising given that these stressful events are implicated in poorer outcomes related to course and treatment of mental health problems. This study of 214 people with serious mental illness examines the prevalence of childhood traumas, perceived neighborhood problems, discrimination, chronic strains, negative life events, and daily hassles. We use regression analyses to determine if these stressors are associated with quality of life. Results show that 95% of the sample report at least one childhood adversity. Perceived neighborhood problems, experiences of discrimination, chronic strains, life events, and daily hassles were also common. Examining the relationship between demographic factors and stressors suggests that older respondents, Whites, those who have never been married, and people diagnosed with Schizophrenia reported fewer stressors compared to those who are older, non-White, ever married, or suffering from other types of mental health problems. Finally, three of the six types of stressors were related to lower quality of life and depression. We discuss the implications of these findings for the treatment of severe psychological problems. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Adams R E; Ritter C; Bonfine N
Psychiatry Research
2015
2015-12
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.10.012" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.psychres.2015.10.012</a>
Childhood Adversity, Proximal Stressors and PTSD Among People with Severe Mental Illness: An Exploratory Study.
Childhood adversity; PTSD; Serious mental illness; Stress; Trauma
The purpose of this exploratory study is to: (1) assess prevalence of childhood adversities and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); (2) assess their association, and; (3) explore whether proximal sources of stress affect this relationship and/or have an association with PTSD among people with severe and persistent psychological disorders. Using data from 141 respondents, we assess the extent to which individuals in this population experienced 17 PTSD symptoms, various correlates to probable PTSD, and the most relevant of these factors in a multivariate logistic regression. Overall, 27% of the participants met study criteria for probable PTSD and each symptom was reported by at least 18% of the sample. Multivariate logistic regression models indicated that interpersonal conflict and being a victim of a crime were significantly related to probable PTSD. We discuss these findings in relation to treatment and course of disease for people suffering from severe and persistent mental illness experiencing a traumatic event.
Adams Richard E; Bonfine Natalie; Ritter Christian
Community mental health journal
2020
2020-03-13
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
journalArticle
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00607-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s10597-020-00607-6</a>
When humor in the hospital is no laughing matter.
Attitude of Health Personnel; Physician's Role; Students; Education; Organizational Culture; Ethics; Stress; Medical; Psychological; Medical Staff; Wit and Humor; Laughter; Medical – Education; Medical – Ethical Issues; Ethics – Education; Hospital – Ethical Issues; Hospital – Standards; Hospitals – Ethical Issues; Patient Care – Ethical Issues
Aultman JM
Journal of Clinical Ethics
2009
2009
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
When humor in the hospital is no laughing matter.
Humans; *Attitude of Health Personnel; Physician's Role; Education; *Students; *Laughter; *Wit and Humor as Topic; Hospitals/*ethics; Organizational Culture; Patient Care/*ethics; Ethics; Stress; Medical; Psychological; Medical Staff; Clinical/education; Medical/education; Hospital/*ethics/standards; Medical/ethics
Aultman Julie M
The Journal of clinical ethics
2009
2009
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
WFUMB guidelines and recommendations for clinical use of ultrasound elastography: Part 2: breast.
*Practice Guidelines as Topic; artifacts; Breast; Breast Cancer; Breast Neoplasms/*diagnostic imaging/*physiopathology; Elastic Modulus; Elasticity Imaging Techniques/*standards; elastography; Female; guidelines; Humans; Internationality; Mammography/*standards; Mechanical; Radiology/*standards; Shear Strength; Shear wave; strain; Stress; Tensile Strength
The breast section of these Guidelines and Recommendations for Elastography produced under the auspices of the World Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) assesses the clinically used applications of all forms of elastography used in breast imaging. The literature on various breast elastography techniques is reviewed, and recommendations are made on evidence-based results. Practical advice is given on how to perform and interpret breast elastography for optimal results, with emphasis placed on avoiding pitfalls. Artifacts are reviewed, and the clinical utility of some artifacts is discussed. Both strain and shear wave techniques have been shown to be highly accurate in characterizing breast lesions as benign or malignant. The relationship between the various techniques is discussed, and recommended interpretation based on a BI-RADS-like malignancy probability scale is provided. This document is intended to be used as a reference and to guide clinical users in a practical way.
Barr Richard G; Nakashima Kazutaka; Amy Dominique; Cosgrove David; Farrokh Andre; Schafer Fritz; Bamber Jeffrey C; Castera Laurent; Choi Byung Ihn; Chou Yi-Hong; Dietrich Christoph F; Ding Hong; Ferraioli Giovanna; Filice Carlo; Friedrich-Rust Mireen; Hall Timothy J; Nightingale Kathryn R; Palmeri Mark L; Shiina Tsuyoshi; Suzuki Shinichi; Sporea Ioan; Wilson Stephanie; Kudo Masatoshi
Ultrasound in medicine & biology
2015
2015-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.03.008" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.03.008</a>
A single restraint stress exposure potentiates analgesia induced by intrathecally administered DAGO.
Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; Analgesics/*pharmacology; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Drug Synergism; Enkephalin; Enkephalins/*pharmacology; Injections; Male; Pain Measurement; Physical; Physiological/*physiopathology; Rats; Reaction Time; Restraint; Spinal; Sprague-Dawley; Stress
In rats, restraint exposure potentiates the magnitude and duration of analgesia following both the peripheral and intracerebroventricular administration of several opioid agonists as compared to non-stressed controls. It has been suggested that the site of action whereby restraint leads to potentiated opioid analgesia is located supraspinally. However, the possible contribution of spinal analgesic mechanisms also warrants investigation. Thus, the purpose of the present study was two-fold: (1) to determine whether a single exposure to restraint stress would result in the dose-dependent potentiation of analgesia following the intrathecal (i.t.) administration of the mu (mu)-receptor selective opioid agonist [D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAGO) and (2) to quantify the degree of analgesia in restrained vs. non-restrained rats using the tail-flick and hot-plate analgesic assays. Using rats implanted with chronic i.t. cannula, dose- and time-course curves were observed following the i.t. administration of DAGO. The results demonstrate that both the duration and magnitude of analgesia was significantly potentiated in restrained rats compared to non-restrained controls. Restraint-treated rats receiving 0.15-0.6 micrograms of DAGO i.t. showed 1.3-1.5-fold potentiation of analgesia in the tail-flick assay and a 2.3-5.6-fold potentiation using the hot-plate assay. Restraint immobilization potentiated the magnitude and duration of DAGO-induced analgesia administered by the i.t. route as measured by the tail-flick and hot-plate assays. These data suggest that spinal analgesic mechanisms significantly contribute to the enhanced analgesic potency of opioids in subjects exposed to restraint stress.
Calcagnetti D J; Stafinsky J L; Crisp T
Brain research
1992
1992-10
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)91689-c" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0006-8993(92)91689-c</a>
Depression in family medicine faculty
stress; General & Internal Medicine; physicians; predictors; Mental Health; care; quality; Job satisfaction; general-practitioners
(B) under bar(a) under bar(c) under bar(k) under bar(g) under bar(r) under bar(o) under bar(u) under bar(n) under bar(d) under bar (a) under bar(n) under bar(d) under bar (O) under bar(b) under bar(j) under bar(e) under bar(c) under bar(t) under bar(i) under bar(v) under bar(e) under bar(s) under bar: Depression among family medicine faculty may contribute to decreased effectiveness in patient care, decreased effectiveness in teaching, and career changes. The present study determined the nationwide prevalence of depression and related risk factors among family medicine residency program faculty. (M) under bar(e) under bar(t) under bar(h) under bar(o) under bar(d) under bar(s) under bar: All full-time US family medicine faculty, program directors, and behavioral scientists listed as members of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine in October 2000 were surveyed. The survey included demographics, clinical practice characteristics, the Beck Depression Inventory II, the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), and a scale to measure stress within the residency program. (R) under bar(e) under bar(s) under bar(u) under bar(l) under bar(t) under bar(s) under bar: Surveys were completed by 1,418 faculty members. Seven percent of survey respondents scored mildly depressed, and 5% scored moderately to severely depressed. Seven percent Of respondents scored highly stressed on the SRRS. Significant predictors of depression scores included being single, being a member of an underrepresented minority group, having increased stress scores, and having a greater amount of time devoted to teaching. (C) under bar(o) under bar(n) under bar(c) under bar(l) under bar(u) under bar(s) under bar(i) under bar(o) under bar(n) under bar(s) under bar: Program directors and department chairs need to be aware of the prevalence of depression among faculty, since it may affect their performance of patient care and teaching responsibilities.
Costa A J; Schrop S L; McCord G; Ritter C
Family Medicine
2005
2005-04
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
n/a
Symptoms of postsurgical distress following total knee replacement and their relationship to recovery outcomes
trauma; pain; stress; Psychiatry; pain; Surgery; Surgery; children; life; comorbidity; posttraumatic-stress-disorder; parents; consequences; impact; Postoperative; Post-operative recovery; Total knee replacement
Objective: Prior research has suggested that posttraumatic stress symptoms may occur in the context of medical events. Further, these symptoms are often comorbid with conditions associated with pain. Therefore, the current study examined the occurrence of distress following arthroplastic surgery and the relationship of these symptoms to postoperative recovery. Methods: Patients (N = 110) undergoing unilateral, total knee replacement (TKR) surgery were assessed at three time points proximal to their surgery: approximately 2 weeks prior to surgery (T1), 1 month following surgery (T2) and 3 months following surgery (T3). Patients completed survey assessments of recovery outcomes (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) and distress (The Impact of Event Scale [IES]) following surgery (T2 and T3). Results: A significant percentage (20%) of patients undergoing TKR reported noteworthy levels of postsurgical stress 1 and 3 months following surgery. Further, this distress was associated with a more difficult recovery following TKR, characterized by more severe pain and greater functional limitations. After controlling for potential confounding variables, regression analyses suggested that postsurgical stress was cross-sectionally related to pain perception and longitudinally predicted subsequent functional limitations and global assessments of recovery. Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine postoperative distress (using the IES) following TKR. The present study adds to the growing body of literature documenting the impact of psychological processes on postoperative recovery. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Cremeans-Smith J K; Greene K; Delahanty D L
Journal of Psychosomatic Research
2011
2011-07
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.12.002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.12.002</a>
In-hospital levels of C-reactive protein and IL-6 predict post-operative depressive symptoms among patients undergoing total knee replacement surgery
stress; Psychiatry; inflammation; arthroplasty; Neurosciences & Neurology; Immunology; major depression; symptoms; markers; total hip-replacement; coronary-heart-disease; Acute phase proteins; Acute phase proteins; C-reactive protein; Depressive; Interleukin-6; mood; Post-operative outcomes; serum interleukin-6; Total knee replacement surgery
Behavioral changes observed following immune system activation are similar to many of the hallmark symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD), including appetite change, lethargy, fatigue, negative mood and anhedonia. Acute phase proteins, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been implicated in the production of sickness behavior, and research has revealed significant differences in the levels of these acute phase proteins between depressed and non-depressed individuals. The current study examined whether early post-operative IL-6 and CRP levels predicted subsequent depressive symptoms in 110 patients undergoing total knee replacement surgery (TKR). In-hospital levels of IL-6 and CRP predicted depressive symptoms at three-months following surgery, as indicated by significant main effects and a significant interaction term. Specifically, lower levels of in-hospital CRP and higher levels of IL-6 in-hospital predicted more depressive symptoms three-months following surgery. The finding that levels of acute phase proteins soon after surgery predict subsequent depressive symptoms, if replicated, extends prior research on the relationships between IL-6, CRP, and depression. Further, this predictive relationship suggests the possibility of early identification of individuals at risk for the subsequent development of post-operative depression. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Cremeans-Smith J K; Soehlen S; Greene K; Alexander T; Delahanty D L
Brain Behavior and Immunity
2009
2009-11
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2009.06.148" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.bbi.2009.06.148</a>
Physiological Indices of Stress Prior to and Following Total Knee Arthroplasty Predict the Occurrence of Severe Post-Operative Pain.
*Cardiovascular; *Cortisol; *Epinephrine; *Post-operative Pain; *Severity of Illness Index; *Stress; *Surgery; 80 and over; 80 and Over; Aged; Arthroplasty; Catecholamines – Urine; Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; Cohort Studies; Data Analysis Software; Descriptive Statistics; Effect Size; Female; Human; Humans; Hydrocortisone – Urine; Knee; Knee/*adverse effects/psychology; Male; Middle Age; Middle Aged; Nonexperimental Studies; Ohio; Pain; Pain Measurement/methods; Physiological; Postoperative Pain – Risk Factors; Postoperative/*diagnosis/etiology/*psychology; Predictive Value of Tests; Prospective Studies; Psychological/complications/*diagnosis/*psychology; Regression; Replacement; Scales; Stress; Summated Rating Scaling; Treatment Outcome
OBJECTIVE: The severe pain and disability associated with osteoarthritis often motivate individuals to undergo arthroplastic surgery. However, a significant number of surgical patients continue to experience pain following surgery. Prior research has implicated both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in the sensitization of pain receptors and chronic pain conditions. This study uses a prospective, observational, cohort design to examine whether physiological stress responses before and after surgery could predict post-operative pain severity. SUBJECTS: Participants included 110 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: Physiological indices of stress included the measurement of catecholamine and cortisol levels in 15-hour urine samples collected prior to and 1 month following surgery, as well as in-hospital heart rate and blood pressure (before and after surgery), which were abstracted from medical records. Patients completed the pain subscale of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) [Bellamy et al., J Orthop Rheumatol 1: , 95 (1988)] 2.5 weeks prior to surgery and at a
Cremeans-Smith Julie K; Greene Kenneth; Delahanty Douglas L
Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.)
2016
2016-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnv043" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1093/pm/pnv043</a>
Trauma history as a resilience factor for patients recovering from total knee replacement surgery.
Female; Male; Ohio; Aged; Risk Factors; Pain Measurement; Arthroplasty; Psychological Tests; Human; Descriptive Statistics; Funding Source; Scales; Middle Age; Coefficient Alpha; Effect Size; Clinical Assessment Tools; Impact of Events Scale; T-Tests; Trauma; Stress; Recovery; Replacement; Psychological; Post-Traumatic; Stress Disorders; STATISTICS; RESEARCH funding; POST-traumatic stress disorder; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; TREATMENT effectiveness; CONVALESCENCE; CORRELATION (Statistics); EFFECT sizes (Statistics); LIFE change events; LIFE skills; OHIO; PAIN measurement; PSYCHOLOGICAL tests; REHABILITATION; RESILIENCE (Personality trait); STRESS (Psychology); T-test (Statistics); TOTAL knee replacement; WOUNDS & injuries; Treatment Outcomes; Bivariate Statistics; Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; Functional Status; Hardiness; 80 and Over; Knee – Psychosocial Factors; Knee – Rehabilitation; TOTAL knee replacement – Psychological aspects
Research concerning the impact of trauma history on individuals' ability to cope with subsequent events is mixed. While many studies find that trauma history increases vulnerability for conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic pain, others reveal that there are benefits associated with moderate levels of stress (e.g. development of coping skills). Objective: The present study investigated whether the experience of prior traumatic stressors would serve as a risk or resilience factor based on physical and emotional outcomes among patients recovering from total knee replacement surgery (TKR). Design: 110 patients undergoing unilateral, TKR completed surveys before surgery, as well as one and three months following the procedure. Results: Contrary to hypotheses, patients who reported more prior traumas experienced less severe pain and functional limitations at one- (β = −.259,p = .006) and three-month follow-up assessments (β = −.187,p = .04). A similar pattern emerged when specific types of traumas (e.g. interpersonal) were examined in relation to physical recovery. Further, patients’ trauma history was negatively related to symptoms of post-traumatic stress three-months following surgery (e.g. Avoidance:β = −.200,p = .037). Conclusion: Trauma history represents a source of resilience, rather than vulnerability, within the context of arthroplastic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
Cremeans-Smith Julie K; Greene Kenneth; Delahanty Douglas L
Psychology & Health
2015
2015-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2014.1001391" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1080/08870446.2014.1001391</a>
Connecting the dots–establishing causality between chronic stress, depression, and cardiovascular disease.
Animal/*physiology; Animals; Behavior; Depression/*physiopathology; Endothelium; Female; Male; Psychological/*physiopathology; Stress; Vascular Diseases/*physiopathology; Vascular/*physiopathology
Di Vincenzo Lola; Reber Megan; Perera Vidushani; Chilian William M
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
2014
2014-11
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00856.2014" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1152/japplphysiol.00856.2014</a>
WFUMB guidelines and recommendations for clinical use of ultrasound elastography: Part 3: liver.
*Practice Guidelines as Topic; Elastic Modulus; Elasticity Imaging Techniques/*standards; elastography; focal liver lesions; guidelines; Internationality; liver; Liver Cirrhosis/*diagnostic imaging/*physiopathology; liver diseases; liver fibrosis; liver stiffness; Liver/*diagnostic imaging/*physiopathology; Mechanical; Shear Strength; shear wave elastography; strain elastography; Stress; transient elastography; ultrasound; WFUMB
The World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) has produced these guidelines for the use of elastography techniques in liver disease. For each available technique, the reproducibility, results, and limitations are analyzed, and recommendations are given. Finally, recommendations based on the international literature and the findings of the WFUMB expert group are established as answers to common questions. The document has a clinical perspective and is aimed at assessing the usefulness of elastography in the management of liver diseases.
Ferraioli Giovanna; Filice Carlo; Castera Laurent; Choi Byung Ihn; Sporea Ioan; Wilson Stephanie R; Cosgrove David; Dietrich Christoph F; Amy Dominique; Bamber Jeffrey C; Barr Richard; Chou Yi-Hong; Ding Hong; Farrokh Andre; Friedrich-Rust Mireen; Hall Timothy J; Nakashima Kazutaka; Nightingale Kathryn R; Palmeri Mark L; Schafer Fritz; Shiina Tsuyoshi; Suzuki Shinichi; Kudo Masatoshi
Ultrasound in medicine & biology
2015
2015-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.03.007" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.03.007</a>
Identifying Families' Shared Disease Experiences Through A Qualitative Analysis Of Online Twin-to-twin Transfusion Syndrome Stories
children; Emotions; Health; high-risk pregnancy; information; laser-surgery; Lived experience; Obstetrics & Gynecology; parents; perspective; prenatal-diagnosis; psychological-aspects; Psychosocial; Qualitative; stress; Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS)
Fischbein R; Meeker J; Saling J R; Chyatte M; Nicholas L
Bmc Pregnancy and Childbirth
2016
2016-07
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0952-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1186/s12884-016-0952-6</a>
Mindfulness as a predictor of positive reappraisal and burnout in standardized patients.
*Adaptation; *Emotions; *Patient Satisfaction; 80 and over; Adult; Aged; Burnout; Clinical Assessment Tools; Coefficient Alpha; Convenience Sample; Descriptive Statistics; Education; Female; Human; Humans; Job Characteristics; Male; Medical; Middle Aged; Mind Body Techniques; Models; Multiple Regression; Ohio; Patient Simulation; Professional – Risk Factors; Psychological; Psychological/*complications/psychology; Psychometrics; Questionnaires; Regression Analysis; Risk Assessment; Statistics as Topic; Stress; Summated Rating Scaling
BACKGROUND: Standardized patients (SPs) portray emotionally intense roles that can have unintended deleterious effects including burnout. PURPOSE: This study explored SP characteristics that could serve as protective factors against these adverse effects. The literature suggests that positive reappraisal and mindfulness are protective factors, with positive reappraisal mediating the relationship between mindfulness and burnout. METHODS: Seventy-six SPs completed an instrument measuring burnout, positive reappraisal, and mindfulness. Multiple regression was performed to test the hypothesized mediator model. RESULTS: The results revealed that mindfulness and positive reappraisal explained a meaningful portion of SP burnout variance (R (2) = .31 p \textless .01). Germane to the mediator model, all correlations were significant: mindfulness and positive reappraisal (a) r = .668; positive reappraisal and burnout (b) r = -.527; and mindfulness and burnout (c) r = -.496, p \textless 01. When positive reappraisal and mindfulness were included in the model, the previously significant relationship c was no longer statistically significant. The combination of these three relationships supports a mediator model. CONCLUSIONS: Education to enhance mindfulness and positive reappraisal offers a way to offset the adverse effects of portraying intense emotional patient experiences.
Gerzina Holly A; Porfeli Erik J
Teaching and learning in medicine
2012
2012
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2012.715255" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1080/10401334.2012.715255</a>
Contextual Modulation of Vocal Behavior in Mouse: Newly Identified 12 kHz "Mid-Frequency" Vocalization Emitted during Restraint.
mouse; context; isolation; restraint; stress; vocalization
While several studies have investigated mouse ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) emitted by isolated pups or by males in mating contexts, studies of behavioral contexts other than mating and vocalization categories other than USVs have been limited. By improving our understanding of the vocalizations emitted by mice across behavioral contexts, we will better understand the natural vocal behavior of mice and better interpret vocalizations from mouse models of disease. Hypothesizing that mouse vocal behavior would differ depending on behavioral context, we recorded vocalizations from male CBA/CaJ mice across three behavioral contexts including mating, isolation, and restraint. We found that brief restraint elevated blood corticosterone levels of mice, indicating increased stress relative to isolation. Further, after 3 days of brief restraint, mice displayed behavioral changes indicative of stress. These persisted for at least 2 days after restraint. Contextual differences in mouse vocal behavior were striking and robust across animals. Thus, while USVs were the most common vocalization type across contexts, the spectrotemporal features of USVs were context-dependent. Compared to the mating context, vocalizations during isolation and restraint displayed a broader frequency range, with a greater emphasis on frequencies below 50 kHz. These contexts also included more non-USV vocal categories and different vocal patterns. We identified a new Mid-Frequency Vocalization, a tonal vocalization with fundamental frequencies below 18 kHz, which was almost exclusively emitted by mice undergoing restraint stress. These differences combine to form vocal behavior that is grossly different among behavioral contexts and may reflect the level of anxiety in these contexts.
Grimsley Jasmine M S; Sheth Saloni; Vallabh Neil; Grimsley Calum A; Bhattal Jyoti; Latsko Maeson; Jasnow Aaron; Wenstrup Jeffrey J
Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience
2016
1905-07
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00038" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00038</a>
Womens Barriers To Safer Sex
adolescents; aids risk; Environmental & Occupational Health; hiv infection; intervention; Psychology; Public; risk reduction; social support; stress
We examined women's barriers to safer sex and the development of a 14-item, multi-dimensional, barriers to safer sex scale. In Study 1, model testing and scale development was conducted on a population of 503 African and European American, inner-city, pregnant, single women. We found four factors that closely parallel theoretical barriers that are cited in the literature: a) partner and self objections, b) the appraisal that one is not at risk, c) embarrassment, and d) giving up pleasure. In Study 2, convergent and divergent validity data supported the construct validity of the theoretical model and scale. In Study 3, the four subscales were found to be reliable among an additional sample of 72 single, college women. Subscale means for the community and student samples differed significantly, indicating important population differences. More modest differences were found between African American and European American women.
Hobfoll S E; Jackson A P; Lavin J; Britton P J; Shepherd J B
Psychology & Health
1994
1994
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/08870449408407483" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1080/08870449408407483</a>
Depression Prevalence And Incidence Among Inner-city Pregnant And Postpartum Women
black; childbearing; disorders; families; life; poverty; psychological distress; Psychology; psychosocial predictors; social support; stress; white
A sample of 192 financially impoverished, inner-city women was assessed for clinical depression twice during pregnancy and once postpartum. At the first and second antepartum interviews, respectively, 77.6% and 24.5% of the women were depressed, controlling for pregnancy-related somatic symptoms. Postpartum depression was found among 23.4% of women. These rates are about double those found for middle-class samples. Particularly heightened risk for antepartum depression was found among single women who did not have a cohabiting partner. African American and European American women did not differ in rates of depression. Antepartum depression was a weak but significant risk factor for postpartum depression.
Hobfoll S E; Ritter C; Lavin J; Hulsizer M R; Cameron R P
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
1995
1995-06
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.63.3.445" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1037/0022-006x.63.3.445</a>
The Functional Morphology Of The Anterior Masticatory Apparatus In Tree-gouging Marmosets (cebidae, Primates)
adductor muscle force; Anatomy & Morphology; bone; callithrix-jacchus; callitrichines; decussation; dental enamel; dietary; distribution; exudativory; fiber architecture; iterative selection method; mandible; mandibular form; stress; symphyseal fusion; teeth; thickness
Although all genera of Callitrichinae feed on tree exudates, marmosets (Callithrix and Cebuella) use specialized anterior teeth to gouge holes in trees and actively stimulate exudate flow. Behavioral studies demonstrate that marmosets use large jaw gapes but do not appear to generate large bite forces (relative to maximal ability) during gouging. Nonetheless, the anterior teeth of marmosets likely experience different loads during gouging compared to nongouging platyrrhines. We use histological data from sectioned teeth, mu CTs of jaws and teeth, and in vitro tests of symphyseal strength to compare the anterior masticatory apparatus in Callithrix to nongouging tamarins (Saguinus) and other cebids. We test the hypotheses that (1) marmoset anterior teeth are adapted to accommodate relatively high stresses linked to dissipating gouging forces and (2) the mandibular symphysis does not provide increased load resistance ability compared with closely related nongouging platyrrhines. Differences in decussation between Callithrix and Saguinus are greatest in the anterior teeth, suggesting an increased load resistance ability specifically in incisor and canine enamel of Callithrix. Callithrix lower incisor crowns are labiolingually thicker suggesting increased bending resistance in this plane and improved wedging ability compared with Saguinus. Anterior tooth roots are larger relative to symphyseal bone volume in Callithrix. Anterior tooth root surface areas also are larger in marmosets for their symphyseal volume, but it remains unclear whether this relative increase is an adaptation for dissipating dental stresses versus a growth-related byproduct of relatively elongated incisors. Finally, simulated jaw loading suggests a reduced ability to withstand external forces in the Callithrix symphysis. The contrast between increased load resistance ability in the anterior dentition versus relatively reduced symphyseal strength (1) suggests a complex loading environment during gouging, (2) highlights the possibility of distinct loading patterns in the anterior teeth versus the symphysis, and (3) points to a potential mosaic pattern of dentofacial adaptations to tree gouging. J. Morphol. 272:833-849, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hogg R T; Ravosa M J; Ryan T M; Vinyard C J
Journal of Morphology
2011
2011-07
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10951" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/jmor.10951</a>
Can Trait Anxiety, Grades, And Test-scores Measured Prior To Medical-school Matriculation Predict Clerkship Performance
academic-performance; Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; personality; stress; students
Jones B J
Academic Medicine
1991
1991-09
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199109000-00029" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/00001888-199109000-00029</a>
Emergency department protocol for the diagnosis and evaluation of geriatric abuse.
Female; Humans; Male; Ohio; Aged; Retrospective Studies; Family; Clinical Protocols; *Elder Abuse; Stress; *Emergency Service; Hospital; Psychological/diagnosis/epidemiology
As the number of elderly persons in the United States continues to increase, geriatric abuse has become the most recent manifestation of domestic violence seen in the emergency department. Recent data suggest that 1 million elderly persons are battered, neglected, or exploited each year by family members or caretakers. This maltreatment may be more difficult to identify than child or spouse abuse because of the relative isolation of the victims and their reluctance to report abuse. Many of these cases involve only subtle signs and have a great potential to pass undetected. We summarize the current literature on geriatric abuse and describe an ED protocol for identifying and reporting suspected victims. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 36 elderly patients hospitalized with documented abuse or neglect. Physical maltreatment was evident in 29 patients (80%), and 16 of the cases (44%) involved psychological abuse. Key points in the history, physical examination, and psychosocial evaluation were analyzed to identify specific criteria used in the development of the protocol. This framework will aid the emergency physician in the crucial first steps of identifying abuse, obtaining evidence, and providing immediate treatment and crisis intervention. Awareness that the problem exists and improved detection and intervention procedures are needed to prevent abuse of elderly persons from becoming more widespread.
Jones J; Dougherty J; Schelble D; Cunningham W
Annals of emergency medicine
1988
1988-10
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(88)80436-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/s0196-0644(88)80436-0</a>
A multi-level modeling approach examining PTSD symptom reduction during prolonged exposure therapy: moderating effects of number of trauma types experienced, having an HIV-related index trauma, and years since HIV diagnosis among
*HIV/AIDS; *prolonged exposure therapy; *PTSD; *trauma history; Adult; Descriptive Statistics; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; Female; HIV Infections/*psychology; HIV-Infected Patients – Psychosocial Factors; Human; Humans; Implosive Therapy/*methods; LONGITUDINAL method; Male; Middle Aged; Post-Traumatic – Symptoms; Post-Traumatic – Therapy; POST-traumatic stress disorder; Post-Traumatic/diagnosis/*psychology/*therapy; Prospective Studies; Psychological/*psychology/therapy; PSYCHOLOGY of HIV-positive people; Stress; Stress Disorders; Time; TIME; Time Factors; Trauma – Classification; Trauma – History; TREATMENT effectiveness; TREATMENT of post-traumatic stress disorder; Treatment Outcome; Treatment Outcomes – Evaluation; United States; UNITED States; WOUNDS & injuries – Classification; WOUNDS & injuries – History
People living with HIV (PLWH) have extensive interpersonal trauma histories and higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than the general population. Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy is efficacious in reducing PTSD across a variety of trauma samples; however, research has not examined factors that influence how PTSD symptoms change during PE for PLWH. Using multi-level modeling, we examined the potential moderating effect of number of previous trauma types experienced, whether the index trauma was HIV-related or not, and years since HIV diagnosis on PTSD symptom reduction during a 10-session PE protocol in a sample of 51 PLWH. In general, PTSD symptoms decreased linearly throughout the PE sessions. Experiencing more previous types of traumatic events was associated with a slower rate of PTSD symptom change. In addition, LOCF analyses found that participants with a non-HIV-related versus HIV-related index trauma had a slower rate of change for PTSD symptoms over the course of PE. However, analyses of raw data decreased this finding to marginal. Years since HIV diagnosis did not impact PTSD symptom change. These results provide a better understanding of how to tailor PE to individual clients and aid clinicians in approximating the rate of symptom alleviation. Specifically, these findings underscore the importance of accounting for trauma history and index trauma type when implementing a treatment plan for PTSD in PLWH.
Junglen Angela G; Smith Brian C; Coleman Jennifer A; Pacella Maria L; Boarts Jessica M; Jones Tracy; Feeny Norah C; Ciesla Jeffrey A; Delahanty Douglas L
AIDS care
2017
2017-11
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2017.1300625" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1080/09540121.2017.1300625</a>
Increased Oxidation And Degradation Of Cytosolic Proteins In Alcohol-exposed Mouse Liver And Hepatoma Cells
alcoholism; apoptosis; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; CYP2E1; cytochrome p-4502e1; Degradation; disease; ethanol; in-vitro; induced; injury; nitric-oxide; oxidative stress; oxidized proteins; peroxiredoxin; protein; protein oxidation; rat-liver; stress
We recently developed a sensitive method using biotin-N-maleimide (biotin-NM) as a probe to positively identify oxidized mitochondrial proteins. In this study, biotin-NM was used to identify oxidized cytosolic proteins in alcohol-fed mouse livers. Alcohol treatment for 6 wk elevated the levels of CYP2E1 and nitrotyrosine, a marker of oxidative stress. Markedly increased levels of oxidized proteins were detected in alcohol-fed mouse livers compared to pair-fed controls. The biotin-NM-labeled oxidized proteins from alcohol-exposed mouse livers were subsequently purified with streptavidin-agarose and resolved on 2-DE. More than 90 silver-stained protein spots that displayed differential intensities on 2-D gels were identified by MS. Peptide sequence analysis revealed that many enzymes or proteins involved in stress response, chaperone activity, intermediary metabolism, and antioxidant defense systems such as peroxiredoxin were oxidized after alcohol treatment. Smaller fragments of many proteins were repeatedly detected only in alcohol-fed mice, indicating that many oxidized proteins after alcohol exposure were degraded. Immunoblot results showed that the level of oxidized peroxiredoxin (inactivated) was markedly increased in the alcohol-exposed mouse livers and ethanol-sensitive hepatoma cells compared to the corresponding controls. Our results may explain the underlying mechanism for cellular dysfunction and increased susceptibility to other toxic agents following alcohol-mediated oxidative stress.
Kim B J; Hood B L; Aragon R A; Hardwick Jr; Conrads T R; Veenstra T D; Song B J
Proteomics
2006
2006-02
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200500447" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/pmic.200500447</a>
The Personal Social Networks of Resettled Bhutanese Refugees During Pregnancy in the United States: A Social Network Analysis.
Bhutan; Communication; Community health; Extended Family; Female; Human; Interpersonal Relations; Interviews; Maternal and child health; Ohio; Pregnancy; Psychological; Qualitative Studies; Refugees; Refugees – Psychosocial Factors – In Pregnancy; Social network analysis; Social Networks – Utilization – United States; Social support; Stress; United States
Women comprise 50% of the refugee population, 25% of whom are of reproductive age. Female refugees are at risk for experiencing significant hardships associated with the refugee experience, including after resettlement. For refugee women, the strength of their personal social networks can play an important role in mitigating the stress of resettlement and can be an influential source of support during specific health events, such as pregnancy. A personal social network analysis was conducted among 45 resettled Bhutanese refugee women who had given birth within the past 2 years in the Akron Metropolitan Area of Northeast Ohio. Data were collected using in-depth interviews conducted in Nepali over a
Kingsbury Diana M; Bhatta Madhav P; Castellani Brian; Khanal Aruna; Jefferis Eric; S Hallam Jeffery
Journal of community health
2018
2018-12
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-018-0518-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s10900-018-0518-9</a>
Decreased Energy Capacity And Increased Autophagic Activity In Optic Nerve Axons With Defective Anterograde Transport
anterograde transport; autophagy; cholera; cholera-toxin; degeneration; dying back process; endoplasmic-reticulum; glaucoma; microscopy; Mitochondria; mitophagy; mouse model; Ophthalmology; optic neuropathy; stress; toxin-B
PURPOSE. Autophagy is a critical process, compromised in neurodegenerative disease, by which terminally differentiated cells like neurons manage cytoskeletal and organelle turnover. How autophagy relates to associated neurodegenerative pathologies remain unclear. We examined autophagy in optic neuropathy by investigating cytoskeletal degradation, mitochondria, and autophagic vesicles in the DBA2/J mouse model of glaucoma exhibiting differing levels of axon transport functionality. METHODS. DBA/2J and DBA/2J(wt-gpnmb) control mice 11 to 14 months of age were injected with cholera toxin-B (CTB) to assay anterograde axonal transport. Axonal mitochondria and autophagic vesicles were analyzed with respect to transport integrity in proximal and distal optic nerve using serial block face scanning electron microscopy (3D EM). RESULTS. Several indices varied significantly between the DBA/2J and DBA/2Jwt-gpnmb mice, including mitochondrial volume, average number of autophagic vesicles per axon, and mitochondrial cristae. However, there were no differences in mitochondrial cristae for axons with functional versus dysfunctional CTB transport, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction precedes overt transport blockade. Anterograde transport failure was accompanied by a dissociation of the relationship between mitochondrial and axon volumes. Autophagic vesicle profiles were significantly increased in optic nerve with transport deficit, consistent with greater autophagic activity. Mitochondria within autophagosomes, indicative of mitophagy, were observed in both proximal and distal axons. CONCLUSIONS. Loss of anterograde transport in DBA/2J optic nerve is concomitant with diminished mitochondrial volume, increased cytoskeletal breakdown and autophagic activity, and accumulation of autophagic profiles, including signs of mitophagy, in proximal optic nerve. Axons with transport deficit are metabolically underserved, though not necessarily from mitophagy.
Kleesattel D; Crish S D; Inman D M
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
2015
2015-12
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-17885" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1167/iovs.15-17885</a>
Life prolongation: views of elderly outpatients and health care professionals.
Humans; Middle Aged; Aged; *Attitude of Health Personnel; Communication; Decision Making; Age Factors; *Physician-Patient Relations; *Attitude to Death; Empirical Approach; Patient Participation; Death and Euthanasia; Withholding Treatment; *Right to Die; Akron City Hospital; Resuscitation; Ethics; Stress; Medical; 80 and over; Psychological
A peculiar dynamic in communication exists between those who are most likely to be involved in life-prolongation decisions. We found that both the elderly and health care professionals talk about life-prolongation, but not with one another; that they consider some of the same factors as they think about the life-prolongation decision; and that most of them believe physicians should be responsible for initiating discussion. However, the physician or health care professional who wishes to avoid crisis situations also is reluctant to broach the issue for fear of unnecessarily alarming or compromising the defense mechanisms of the patient. The patient remains patient, waiting–with fears of dependency, memories of previous life-threatening experiences, and deep sensitivity for suffering–for the physician to initiate the discussion. Is a mediator such as a family member necessary in these situations? Is the hospital environment not conductive to discussion of less than heroic efforts?
Kohn M; Menon G
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
1988
1988-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1988.tb04270.x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1111/j.1532-5415.1988.tb04270.x</a>
Evidence for noradrenergic involvement in mediating the FG 7142 discriminative stimulus.
Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/pharmacology; Animals; Appetite Depressants/*pharmacology; Carbolines/*pharmacology; Clonidine/pharmacology; Dioxanes/pharmacology; Discrimination (Psychology)/*drug effects; Electroshock; Generalization; Idazoxan; Male; Norepinephrine/*physiology; Psychological/psychology; Rats; Sprague-Dawley; Stimulus/drug effects; Stress; Yohimbine/pharmacology
Rats were trained to discriminate the stimulus properties of the benzodiazepine receptor partial inverse agonist beta-carboline-3-carboxylate acid methyl amide (FG 7142) (5.0 mg/kg) or the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist 17 alpha-hydroxyyohimban-16 alpha-carboxylic acid methyl ester (yohimbine) (3.0 mg/kg) from vehicle in a two-lever, food-motivated operant task. These compounds have in common a beta-carboline structure and anxiogenic behavioral profiles. The yohimbine discriminative stimulus was mimicked by the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist idazoxan and antagonized by the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine, indicating that the yohimbine stimulus was mediated through the alpha
Leidenheimer N J; Schechter M D
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior
1992
1992-09
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(92)90641-r" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/0091-3057(92)90641-r</a>
Discriminative stimulus control by the anxiogenic beta-carboline FG 7142: generalization to a physiological stressor.
Male; Animals; Rats; Discrimination Learning/*drug effects; Avoidance Learning/drug effects; Appetite Depressants/*pharmacology; Carbolines/*pharmacology; Stress; Inbred Strains; Generalization; Stimulus/*drug effects; Physiological/*psychology
Drug discrimination was employed to investigate the similarities between FG
Leidenheimer N J; Schechter M D
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior
1988
1988-06
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Differential Effect Of Nimodipine In Attenuating Iron-induced Toxicity In Brain- And Blood-brain Barrier-associated Cell Types
Astrocytes; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; central-nervous-system; cerebrospinal-fluid; cultured astrocytes; intracerebral hemorrhage; Iron in brain; Metal toxicity; Neurodegenerative diseases; neurodegenerative disorders; neurons; Neurosciences & Neurology; Nimodipine; oxidative; parkinsons-disease; redox-active iron; stress; substantia-nigra; transferrin receptor; Vascular endothelial cells
Metal homeostasis is increasingly being evaluated as a therapeutic target in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Metal dysregulation has been shown to lead to protein aggregation, plaque formation and neuronal death. In 2007, we first reported that voltage-gated calcium channels act as a facile conduit for the entry of free ferrous (Fe2+) ions into neurons. Herein, we evaluate differential iron toxicity to central nervous system cells and assess the ability of the typical L-type voltage-gated calcium channel blocker nimodipine to attenuate iron-induced toxicity. The data demonstrate that iron sulfate induces a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability in rat brain endothelial cells (RBE4; LC50 = 150 mu M), neuronal cells (Neuro-2 alpha neuroblastoma; LC50 = 400 mu M), and in astrocytes (DI TNC1; LC50 = 1.1 mM). Pre-treatment with nimodipine prior to iron sulfate exposure provided a significant (P < 0.05) increase in viable cell numbers for RBE4 (2.5-fold), Neuro2-alpha (similar to 2-fold), and nearly abolished toxicity in primary neurons. Astrocytes were highly resistant to iron toxicity compared to the other cell types tested and nimodipine had no (P > 0.05) protective effect in these cells. The data demonstrate variable susceptibility to iron overload conditions in different cell types of the brain and suggest that typical L-type voltage-gated calcium channel blockers (here represented by nimodipine), may serve as protective agents in conditions involving iron overload, particularly in cell types highly susceptible to iron toxicity.
Lockman J A; Geldenhuys W J; Bohn K A; DeSilva S F; Allen D D; Van der Schyf C J
Neurochemical Research
2012
2012-01
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-011-0591-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s11064-011-0591-2</a>
Pharmacological Secondary Prevention Of Ptsd In Youth: Challenges And Opportunities For Advancement
children; conditioned fear; cortisol; memory; morphine; pediatric injury patients; posttraumatic-stress-disorder; propranolol; Psychiatry; Psychology; stress; symptoms; traumatic
Maccani M A; Delahanty D L; Nugent N R; Berkowitz S J
Journal of Traumatic Stress
2012
2012-10
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21731" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/jts.21731</a>
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition).
In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.
Multiple
Autophagy
2021
Journal Article
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Physiological and behavioral responses to vocalization playback in mice.
stress; mouse; anxiety; communication; vocalization; corticosterone; low frequency; ultrasonic
In mice, the caller's production of social vocalizations has been extensively studied but the effect of these vocalizations on the listener is less understood, with playback studies to date utilizing one vocalization category or listeners of one sex. This study examines how several categories of mouse vocalizations affect listeners of both sexes to better understand the communicative functions of these vocal categories. We examined physiological and behavioral responses of male and female CBA/CaJ mice to playback of four social vocalization categories: ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), low-frequency harmonic calls, mid-frequency vocalizations, and noisy calls. Based on the conditions under which these calls are emitted, we hypothesized that playback of these vocal categories would have differential effects on the listeners. In females, playback of all four vocalization categories increased stress hormone levels (corticosterone), but only the non-USV categories increased corticosterone in males. The magnitude of corticosterone increase in non-USV trials was greater in females than in males. In open field tests, all four vocal categories decreased central ambulation in males and females, indicating an increase in anxiety-related behavior. Further, we found that the proportions of USVs emitted by subjects, but not their overall calling rates, were affected by playback of some vocal categories, suggesting that vocalization categories have different communication content. These results show that, even in the absence of behavioral and acoustic contextual features, each vocal category evokes physiological and behavioral responses in mice, with some differences in responses as a function of the listener's sex and playback signal. These findings suggest that at least some of the vocal categories have distinct communicative functions. (Copyright © 2020 Niemczura, Grimsley, Kim, Alkhawaga, Poth, Carvalho and Wenstrup.)
Niemczura AC;Grimsley JM;Kim C;Alkhawaga A;Poth Austin;Carvalho A;Wenstrup JJ
Frontiers In Behavioral Neuroscience
2020
2020-09-01
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
journalArticle
<a href="http://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00155" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00155</a>
Lacking a Primary Care Physician Is Associated With Increased Suffering in Patients With Severe Mental Illness.
*Health Services Accessibility; *Primary Health Care; Adolescence; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Community; Comorbid conditions; Cost of Illness; Economic Aspects of Illness; Female; Health outcomes; Health Services Accessibility; Hospitalization; Hospitals; Humans; Life Style; Lifestyle problems; Male; Mental Disorders – Complications; Mental Disorders – Psychosocial Factors; Mental Disorders – Therapy; Mental Disorders/complications/*psychology/*therapy; Middle Age; Middle Aged; Preventative services; Primary Health Care; Psychological – Etiology; Psychological – Psychosocial Factors; Psychological/etiology/*psychology; Retrospective Design; Retrospective Studies; Stress; Young Adult
We evaluated the relationship between lack of a primary care physician (PCP) and patients with severe mental illness (SMI), who have poorer health and experience more suffering. Using a blinded retrospective record review of 137 patients with SMI, divided between inpatients (n = 70) and outpatients (n = 67), we compared the two groups to determine if lack of a PCP is associated with increased suffering and worse overall health. We included history of preventive services, having a PCP, and comorbid conditions. Multiple linear regressions determined the relationship between lacking a PCP and lifestyle problems, lack of preventive care, and Burden of Suffering. We found that in SMI patients, lack of a PCP is associated with increased lifestyle problems, lacking preventive care, increased Burden of Suffering and cervical dysplasia. Health policy changes are needed to improve outcomes for patients with SMI by increasing access to PCPs and preventive services.
Olsen Cynthia G; Boltri John M; Amerine Jenna; Clasen Mark E
The journal of primary prevention
2017
2017-12
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-017-0490-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s10935-017-0490-7</a>
Neural Network-Based Real-Time Prediction of Glucose in Patients with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
blood-glucose; circadian rhythmicity; cortisol; depression; Endocrinology & Metabolism; glycemic control; mellitus; resistance; stress
Background: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technologies report measurements of interstitial glucose concentration every 5 min. CGM technologies have the potential to be utilized for prediction of prospective glucose concentrations with subsequent optimization of glycemic control. This article outlines a feed-forward neural network model (NNM) utilized for real-time prediction of glucose. Methods: A feed-forward NNM was designed for real-time prediction of glucose in patients with diabetes implementing a prediction horizon of 75 min. Inputs to the NNM included CGM values, insulin dosages, metered glucose values, nutritional intake, lifestyle, and emotional factors. Performance of the NNM was assessed in 10 patients not included in the model training set. Results: The NNM had a root mean squared error of 43.9 mg/dL and a mean absolute difference percentage of 22.1. The NNM routinely overestimates hypoglycemic extremes, which can be attributed to the limited number of hypoglycemic reactions in the model training set. The model predicts 88.6% of normal glucose concentrations (>70 and <180mg/dL), 72.6% of hyperglycemia (>= 180mg/dL), and 2.1% of hypoglycemia (<= 70mg/dL). Clarke Error Grid Analysis of model predictions indicated that 92.3% of predictions could be regarded as clinically acceptable and not leading to adverse therapeutic direction. Of these predicted values, 62.3% and 30.0% were located within Zones A and B, respectively, of the error grid. Conclusions: Real-time prediction of glucose via the proposed NNM may provide a means of intelligent therapeutic guidance and direction.
Pappada S M; Cameron B D; Rosman P M; Bourey R E; Papadimos T J; Olorunto W; Borst M J
Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics
2011
2011-02
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2010.0104" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1089/dia.2010.0104</a>
A neurobiological model of perception - Considerations for transference
dynamic-systems; expectancy; Neurobiology; perception; Psychology; stress; transference; transitions
Transference is a key concept in psychoanalysis, distinguishing the analytic treatment from other forms of psychotherapy. In this essay, the authors place transference into the context of a general psychology of human functioning and link it to the neurobiology of perception. The authors briefly review the literature within and outside of psychoanalysis, define transference through the lens of perception, and propose that it is ubiquitous in humans. When not impaired, transference is an adaptive ego function that emerges, along with countertransference, in the context of any interpersonal situation of significant emotional import. The authors draw on W. Freeman's (2003, 2004) research on olfaction, which has since been replicated in other sensory modalities, for a neurodynamic basis for their model of perception and describe how transference may be thought of as an evolved form of it. The authors' view is that transference is a hierarchically integrated perceptual modality of a higher order, although it depends on the same neurodynamic processes as those found in each sensory modality.
Pincus D; Freeman W; Modell A
Psychoanalytic Psychology
2007
2007-10
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.24.4.623" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1037/0736-9735.24.4.623</a>
Stress, psychosocial resources, and depressive symptomatology during pregnancy in low-income, inner-city women
birth outcomes; depression; differentials; Health; mortality; multivariate; nonpsychotic postpartum depression; prevalence; Psychology; psychosocial resources; satisfaction; self-esteem; social support; stress; weight
The authors examined the prospective influence of stress, self-esteem, and social support on the postpartum depressive symptoms of 191 inner-city women (139 European Americans and 52 African Americans) over 3 waves of data collection. Depressive symptomatology was measured by multiple indicators, including self-report and clinical scales. Women became less depressed as they move from prenatal to postpartum stages and adjusted to their pregnancy and its consequences. LISREL and regression analyses indicated that stress was related to increased depression, whereas greater income and social support were related to decreased depression. Self-esteem was related to lower depression at the prenatal and postpartum periods but not to change in depression from the prenatal to the postpartum period. The results also indicated that self-esteem and social support did not have additional stress-buffering effects over and above their direct effects on depression. Finally, African American women did not differ from European American women terms of depression or in terms of how they were impacted by stress or psychosocial resources.
Ritter C; Hobfoll S E; Lavin J; Cameron R P; Hulsizer M R
Health Psychology
2000
2000-11
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.19.6.576" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1037//0278-6133.19.6.576</a>
Lack of bone stiffness/strength contribution to osteoarthritis–evidence for primary role of cartilage damage.
Animal; Animals; Articular/physiopathology; Biomechanical Phenomena; Bird Diseases/*physiopathology; Birds; Bone and Bones/*physiopathology; Cartilage; Disease Models; Mechanical; Osteoarthritis/*physiopathology/*veterinary; Species Specificity; Stress
OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to assess osseous contributions to osteoarthritis, obviating the analysis challenges presented by confounding factors in humans and rarity of osteoarthritis in free-ranging mammals. METHODS: Frequency of osteoarthritis in 21 bird species was examined and contrasted with measures of afflicted element bone stiffness and strength and compression/tension-resistant characteristics. RESULTS: Osteoarthritis was present in the ankle of 0-16% of bird species analysed, independent of bone laminarity, cortical thickness, circularity, polarization, cross-sectional diameter, length and pneumatization. CONCLUSIONS: No correlation of frequency of osteoarthritis with parameters of bone strength and biomechanical parameters was found, suggesting that bone is only secondarily affected in osteoarthritis and that cartilage is the initial target of the disease.
Rothschild B M; Panza R K
Rheumatology (Oxford, England)
2007
2007-02
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kel263" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1093/rheumatology/kel263</a>
Prenatal stress changes courtship vocalizations and bone mineral density in mice.
*Bone mineral density; *Corticosterone; *Courtship; *GR; *Prenatal stress; *Testosterone; *Ultrasonic vocalizations; Animal/*physiology; Animals; Bone Density/*physiology; Female; Inbred C57BL; Male; Mice; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/*metabolism/*physiopathology; Psychological/*metabolism/*physiopathology; Stress; Vocalization
Stress during the prenatal period has various effects on social and sexual behavior in both human and animal offspring. The present study examines the effects of chronic restraint stress in the second vs third trimester in pregnancy and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) heterozygous mutation on C57BL/6N male offspring's vocal courtship behavior in adulthood by applying a novel analyzing method. Finally, corticosterone and testosterone levels as well as bone mineral density were measured. Prenatal stress in the third, but not in the second trimester caused a significant qualitative change in males' courtship vocalizations, independent of their GR genotype. Bone mineral density was decreased also by prenatal stress exclusively in the third trimester in GR mutant and wildtype mice and - in contrast to corticosterone and testosterone - highly correlated with courtship vocalizations. In Gr(+/-) males corticosterone serum levels were significantly increased in animals that had experienced prenatal stress in the third trimester. Testosterone serum levels were overall increased in Gr(+/-) males in comparison to wildtypes as a tendency - whereas prenatal stress had no influence. Prenatal stress alters adult males' courtship vocalizations exclusively when applied in the third trimester, with closely related changes in bone mineral density. Bone mineral density seems to reflect best the complex neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying the production of courtship vocalizations. Besides, we demonstrated for the first time elevated basal corticosterone levels in Gr(+/-) males after prenatal stress which suggests that the Gr(+/-) mouse model of depression might also serve as a model of prenatal stress in male offspring.
Schmidt Michaela; Lapert Florian; Brandwein Christiane; Deuschle Michael; Kasperk Christian; Grimsley Jasmine M S; Gass Peter
Psychoneuroendocrinology
2017
2017-01
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.003</a>
Pullout strength and load to failure properties of self-tapping cortical screws in synthetic and cadaveric environments representative of healthy and osteoporotic bone.
Equipment Design; Cadaver; Osteoporosis; Human; Stress; Biological; Models; Mechanical; Orthopedic Fixation Devices; Biomechanics; Bone Substitutes; Materials Testing – Methods
BACKGROUND: The parameters of self-tapping screw (STS) performance in normal and osteoporotic bone have been defined in representative environments, but the question remains as to the clinical application of such findings. The goal of this study was to analyze the biomechanical performance of STSs in cadaveric and synthetic environments representative of healthy and osteoporotic bone. METHODS: Ninety-six Synthes STSs were inserted into cadaveric and synthetic models representative of osteoporotic and healthy bone. Screws were inserted to depths of 1 mm short of the far cortex, flush and 1 mm and 2 mm beyond the far cortex. Screws were tested with an Instron 8511 material testing system utilizing axial pullout forces. A SAS procedure was used to conduct analysis of variance for unbalanced datasets. RESULTS: Substantial differences were appreciated with respect to screw performance between osteoporotic and healthy bone specimens. Although a similar pattern of increased pullout strength and loading energy with increasing depth of insertion was demonstrated, absolute values were lower in osteoporotic specimens. Although performance trends were similar in cadaveric and synthetic testing models for both osteoporotic and healthy bone, values obtained during testing were different. Incomplete insertion of STSs resulted in a 21.5% and 37% reduction of biomechanical properties in osteoporotic and normal bone, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that previously published findings on the performance of STSs in synthetic models cannot reasonably be applied to the clinical realm. Although trends may be similar, screw performance in synthetic, as compared with cadaveric, models is markedly different.
Schoenfeld A J; Battula S; Sahai V; Vrabec GA; Corman S; Burton L; Njus GO
Journal of Trauma
2008
2008-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/ta.0b013e318169cd71" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/ta.0b013e318169cd71</a>
Pullout strength and load to failure properties of self-tapping cortical screws in synthetic and cadaveric environments representative of healthy and osteoporotic bone.
*Bone Screws; *Bone Substitutes; *Models; *Osteoporosis; *Shear Strength; Biological; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cadaver; Equipment Design; Humans; Materials Testing/*methods; Mechanical; Stress
BACKGROUND: The parameters of self-tapping screw (STS) performance in normal and osteoporotic bone have been defined in representative environments, but the question remains as to the clinical application of such findings. The goal of this study was to analyze the biomechanical performance of STSs in cadaveric and synthetic environments representative of healthy and osteoporotic bone. METHODS: Ninety-six Synthes STSs were inserted into cadaveric and synthetic models representative of osteoporotic and healthy bone. Screws were inserted to depths of 1 mm short of the far cortex, flush and 1 mm and 2 mm beyond the far cortex. Screws were tested with an Instron 8511 material testing system utilizing axial pullout forces. A SAS procedure was used to conduct analysis of variance for unbalanced datasets. RESULTS: Substantial differences were appreciated with respect to screw performance between osteoporotic and healthy bone specimens. Although a similar pattern of increased pullout strength and loading energy with increasing depth of insertion was demonstrated, absolute values were lower in osteoporotic specimens. Although performance trends were similar in cadaveric and synthetic testing models for both osteoporotic and healthy bone, values obtained during testing were different. Incomplete insertion of STSs resulted in a 21.5% and 37% reduction of biomechanical properties in osteoporotic and normal bone, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that previously published findings on the performance of STSs in synthetic models cannot reasonably be applied to the clinical realm. Although trends may be similar, screw performance in synthetic, as compared with cadaveric, models is markedly different.
Schoenfeld Andrew J; Battula Suneel; Sahai Vivek; Vrabec Gregory A; Corman Steven; Burton Lyndsey; Njus Glen O
The Journal of trauma
2008
2008-05
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e318169cd71" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1097/TA.0b013e318169cd71</a>