1
40
7
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.217562" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.217562</a>
ISSN
1477-9145 0022-0949
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Update Year & Number
June 2020 Update II
NEOMED College
NEOMED College of Medicine
NEOMED Department
NEOMED Student Publications
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Asymmetrical gait kinematics of free-ranging callitrichines in response to changes in substrate diameter and orientation.
Publisher
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The Journal of experimental biology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2020
2020-05-15
Subject
The topic of the resource
locomotion; Primate; Stability
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Dunham Noah T; McNamara Allison; Shapiro Liza J; Phelps Taylor; Young Jesse W
Description
An account of the resource
Arboreal environments present considerable biomechanical challenges for animals moving and foraging among substrates varying in diameter, orientation, and compliance. Most studies of quadrupedal gait kinematics in primates and other arboreal mammals have focused on symmetrical walking gaits and the significance of diagonal sequence gaits. Considerably less research has examined asymmetrical gaits, despite their prevalence in small-bodied arboreal taxa. Here we examine whether and how free-ranging callitrichine primates adjust asymmetrical gait kinematics to changes in substrate diameter and orientation, as well as how variation in gait kinematics affects substrate displacement. We used high-speed video to film free-ranging Saguinus tripartitus and Cebuella pygmaea inhabiting the Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador. We found that Saguinus used bounding and half-bounding gaits on larger substrates versus gallops and symmetrical gaits on smaller substrates, and also shifted several kinematic parameters consistent with attenuating forces transferred from the animal to the substrate. Similarly, Cebuella shifted from high impact bounding gaits on larger substrates to using more half-bounding gaits on smaller substrates; however, kinematic adjustments to substrate diameter were not as profound as in Saguinus Both species adjusted gait kinematics to changes in substrate orientation; however, gait kinematics did not significantly affect empirical measures of substrate displacement in either species. Due to their small body size, claw-like nails, and reduced grasping capabilities, callitrichines arguably represent extant biomechanical analogues for an early stage in primate evolution. As such, greater attention should be placed on understanding asymmetrical gait dynamics for insight into hypotheses concerning early primate locomotor evolution.
Identifier
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.217562" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1242/jeb.217562</a>
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journalArticle
2020
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Dunham Noah T
journalArticle
June 2020 Update II
Locomotion
McNamara Allison
NEOMED College of Medicine Student
NEOMED Student Publications
Phelps Taylor
Primate
Shapiro Liza J
Stability
The Journal of experimental biology
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Pages
609–622
Volume
202 (Pt 5)
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Does behavioural hypothermia promote post-exercise recovery in cold-submerged frogs?
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
The Journal of experimental biology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1999
1999-03
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Tattersall; Boutilier
Description
An account of the resource
At the low temperatures of the overwintering environment of the frog Rana temporaria, small changes in ambient temperature have large effects on metabolism and behaviour, especially since Q10 values are often greatly elevated in the cold. How the overwintering aquatic frog copes with variable thermal environments in terms of its overall activity metabolism and recovery from pursuit by predators is poorly understood, as is the role of behavioural thermoregulation in furthering recovery from intense activity. Exhaustive exercise was chosen as the method of evaluating activity capacity (defined by time to exhaustion, total distance swum and number of leg contractions before exhaustion) and was determined at 1.5 and 7 degreesC. Other cohorts of frogs were examined at both temperatures to determine the metabolic (acid-base, lactate, glucose, ATP and creatine phosphate) and respiratory responses to exercise in cold-submerged frogs. Finally, temperature preference before and after exercise was determined in a thermal gradient to define the importance of behavioural thermoregulation on the recovery rates of relevant metabolic and respiratory processes. Activity capacity was significantly reduced in frogs exercised at 1.5 versus 7 degreesC, although similar levels of tissue acid-base metabolites and lactate were reached. Blood pH, plasma PCO2 and lactate levels recovered more rapidly at 1.5 degreesC than at 7 degreesC; however, intracellular pH and the recovery of tissue metabolite levels were independent of temperature. Resting aerobic metabolic rates were strongly affected by temperature (Q10=3.82); however, rates determined immediately after exercise showed a reduced temperature sensitivity (Q10=1.67) and, therefore, a reduced factorial aerobic scope. Excess oxygen consumption recovered to resting values after 5-6.25 h, and 67 % recovery times tended to be slightly faster at the lower temperatures. Exercise in the cold, therefore, provided an immediately higher factorial scope, which could be involved in the faster rate of recovery of blood lactate levels in the colder frogs. In addition, exercise significantly lowered the preferred temperature of the frogs from 6.7 to 3.6 degreesC for nearly 7 h, after which they returned to their normal, unstressed preferred temperatures. Thus, a transient behavioural hypothermia in the skin-breathing, overwintering frog may be an important strategy for minimising post-exercise stress and maintaining aerobic metabolism during recovery from intense activity.
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Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
1999
Boutilier
Tattersall
The Journal of experimental biology
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.140939" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.140939</a>
Pages
2659–2672
Volume
219
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Effects of support diameter and compliance on common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) gait kinematics.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
The Journal of experimental biology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2016
2016-09
Subject
The topic of the resource
Male; Animals; Callithrix/*physiology; Gait/*physiology; *Balance; *Branch stiffness; *Fine branch niche; *Locomotion; *Stability; Biomechanical Phenomena; Compliance; Forelimb/physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Video Recording; Computer-Assisted; Image Processing
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Young Jesse W; Stricklen Bethany M; Chadwell Brad A
Description
An account of the resource
Locomotion is precarious in an arboreal habitat, where supports can vary in both diameter and level of compliance. Several previous studies have evaluated the influence of substrate diameter on the locomotor performance of arboreal quadrupeds. The influence of substrate compliance, however, has been mostly unexamined. Here, we used a multifactorial experimental design to investigate how perturbations in both diameter and compliance affect the gait kinematics of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus; N=2) moving over simulated arboreal substrates. We used 3D-calibrated video to quantify marmoset locomotion over a horizontal trackway consisting of variably sized poles (5, 2.5 and 1.25 cm in diameter), analyzing a total of 120 strides. The central portion of the trackway was either immobile or mounted on compliant foam blocks, depending on condition. We found that narrowing diameter and increasing compliance were both associated with relatively longer substrate contact durations, though adjustments to diameter were often inconsistent relative to compliance-related adjustments. Marmosets also responded to narrowing diameter by reducing speed, flattening center of mass (CoM) movements and dampening support displacement on the compliant substrate. For the subset of strides on the compliant support, we found that speed, contact duration and CoM amplitude explained \textgreater60% of the variation in substrate displacement over a stride, suggesting a direct performance advantage to these kinematic adjustments. Overall, our results show that compliant substrates can exert a significant influence on gait kinematics. Substrate compliance, and not just support diameter, should be considered a critical environmental variable when evaluating locomotor performance in arboreal quadrupeds.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.140939" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1242/jeb.140939</a>
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Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
*Balance
*Branch stiffness
*Fine branch niche
*locomotion
*Stability
2016
Animals
Biomechanical Phenomena
Callithrix/*physiology
Chadwell Brad A
Compliance
Computer-Assisted
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Forelimb/physiology
Gait/*physiology
Hindlimb/physiology
Image Processing
Male
NEOMED College of Medicine
Stricklen Bethany M
The Journal of experimental biology
Video Recording
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.014134" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.014134</a>
Pages
1859–1867
Volume
211
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Hydrodynamic performance of the minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) flipper.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
The Journal of experimental biology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2008
2008-06
Subject
The topic of the resource
Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Video Recording; Extremities/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Biophysical Phenomena; Biophysics; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Minke Whale/*physiology; Swimming/*physiology; Models; Anatomic
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Cooper Lisa Noelle; Sedano Nils; Johansson Stig; May Bryan; Brown Joey D; Holliday Casey M; Kot Brian W; Fish Frank E
Description
An account of the resource
Minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) are the smallest member of balaenopterid whales and little is known of their kinematics during feeding maneuvers. These whales have narrow and elongated flippers that are small relative to body size compared to related species such as right and gray whales. No experimental studies have addressed the hydrodynamic properties of minke whale flippers and their functional role during feeding maneuvers. This study integrated wind tunnel, locomotion and anatomical range of motion data to identify functional parameters of the cambered minke whale flipper. A full-sized cast of a minke whale flipper was used in wind tunnel testing of lift, drag and stall behavior at six speeds, corresponding to swimming speeds of 0.7-8.9 m s(-1). Flow over the model surface stalled between 10 degrees and 14 degrees angle of attack (alpha) depending on testing speed. When the leading edge was rotated ventrally, loss in lift occurred around -18 degrees alpha regardless of speed. Range of mobility in the fresh limb was approximately 40% greater than the range of positive lift-generating angles of attack predicted by wind tunnel data (+14 degrees alpha). Video footage, photographs and observations of swimming, engulfment feeding and gulping minke whales showed limb positions corresponding to low drag in wind tunnel tests, and were therefore hydrodynamically efficient. Flippers play an important role in orienting the body during feeding maneuvers as they maintain trim of the body, an action that counters drag-induced torque of the body during water and prey intake.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.014134" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1242/jeb.014134</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
2008
Anatomic
Animals
Biomechanical Phenomena
Biophysical Phenomena
Biophysics
Brown Joey D
Cooper Lisa Noelle
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Extremities/anatomy & histology/*physiology
Feeding Behavior/physiology
Fish Frank E
Holliday Casey M
Johansson Stig
Kot Brian W
May Bryan
Minke Whale/*physiology
Models
NEOMED College of Medicine
Sedano Nils
Swimming/*physiology
The Journal of experimental biology
Video Recording
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205237" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205237</a>
Rights
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Volume
222
Search for Full-text
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Ontogeny of effective mechanical advantage in eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus)
Publisher
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The Journal of Experimental Biology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2019
2019-08
Subject
The topic of the resource
Allometry; Development; Life history; Muscle force; Muscle leverage
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Foster Adam D; Butcher Michael T; Smith Gregory A; Russo Gabrielle A; Thalluri Rajaa; Young Jesse W
Description
An account of the resource
Juvenile animals must survive in the same environment as adults despite smaller sizes, immature musculoskeletal tissues, general ecological naïveté and other limits of performance. Developmental changes in muscle leverage could constitute one mechanism to promote increased performance in juveniles despite ontogenetic limitations. We tested this hypothesis using a holistic dataset on growth and locomotor development in wild eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) to examine ontogenetic changes in hindlimb muscle effective mechanical advantage (EMA). EMA is a dimensionless index of muscle leverage, equal to the quotient of average muscle lever length and the load arm length of the ground reaction force (GRF), effectively representing the magnitude of output force arising from a given muscle force. We found that EMA at the hip and ankle joints, as well as overall hindlimb EMA, significantly declined across ontogeny in S. floridanus, whereas EMA at the knee joint remained unchanged. Ontogenetic decreases in EMA were due to isometric scaling of muscle lever arm lengths alongside positive ontogenetic allometry of GRF load arm lengths - which in turn was primarily related to positive allometry of hindlimb segment lengths. Greater EMA limits the estimated volume of hindlimb extensor muscle that has to be activated in young rabbits, likely mitigating the energetic cost of locomotion and saving metabolic resources for other physiological functions, such as growth and tissue differentiation. An additional examination of limb growth allometry across a diverse sample of mammalian taxa suggests that ontogenetic decreases in limb joint EMA may be a common mammalian trend.
Identifier
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205237" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1242/jeb.205237</a>
2019
allometry
Butcher Michael T
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
development
Foster Adam D
life history
Muscle force
Muscle leverage
NEOMED College of Medicine
Russo Gabrielle A
September 2019 Update
Smith Gregory A
Thalluri Rajaa
The Journal of experimental biology
Young Jesse W
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.212688" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.212688</a>
Rights
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
Issue
Pt 24
Volume
222
ISSN
1477-9145
Search for Full-text
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Update Year & Number
January 2020 Update
NEOMED College
NEOMED College of Medicine
NEOMED Department
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology; NEOMED Postdoc Publications
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Pectoral and pelvic girdle rotations during walking and swimming in a semi-aquatic turtle: testing functional role and constraint
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
The Journal of Experimental Biology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2019
2019-12-12
Subject
The topic of the resource
Biomechanics; Locomotion; Morphology; X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Mayerl Christopher J; Capano John G; Moreno Adam A; Wyneken Jeanette; Blob Richard W; Brainerd Elizabeth L
Description
An account of the resource
Pectoral and pelvic girdle rotations play a substantial role in enhancing stride length across diverse tetrapod lineages. However, the pectoral and pelvic girdle attach the limbs to the body in different ways and may exhibit dissimilar functions, especially during locomotion in disparate environments. Here, we tested for functional differences between the forelimb and hindlimb of the freshwater turtle Pseudemys concinna during walking and swimming using X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM). In doing so, we also tested the commonly held notion that the shell constrains girdle motion in turtles. We found that the pectoral girdle exhibited greater rotations than the pelvic girdle on land and in water. Additionally, pelvic girdle rotations were greater on land than in water, whereas pectoral girdle rotations were similar in the two environments. These results indicate that although the magnitude of pelvic girdle rotations depends primarily on whether the weight of the body must be supported against gravity, the magnitude of pectoral girdle rotations likely depends primarily on muscular activity associated with locomotion. Furthermore, the pectoral girdle of turtles rotated more than has been observed in other taxa with sprawling postures, showing an excursion similar to that of mammals (∼38 deg). These results suggest that a rigid axial skeleton and internally positioned pectoral girdle have not constrained turtle girdle function, but rather the lack of lateral undulations in turtles and mammals may contribute to a functional convergence whereby the girdle acts as an additional limb segment to increase stride length.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.212688" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1242/jeb.212688</a>
PMID: 31767737
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Journal Article
2019
biomechanics
Blob Richard W
Brainerd Elizabeth L
Capano John G
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
January 2020 Update
Journal Article
Locomotion
Mayerl Christopher J
Moreno Adam A
morphology
NEOMED College of Medicine Postdoc
NEOMED Postdoc Publications
The Journal of experimental biology
Wyneken Jeanette
X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology
-
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
URL Address
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.033183" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.033183</a>
Pages
4056–4064
Volume
212
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The cost of assuming the life history of a host: acoustic startle in the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
The Journal of experimental biology
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2009
2009-12
Subject
The topic of the resource
Female; Male; Animals; Auditory Perception/physiology; Walking/physiology; Ultrasonics; *Acoustics; Diptera/*physiology; Gryllidae/*growth & development/*parasitology; Life Cycle Stages/*physiology; Parasites/*physiology; Reflex; Animal/physiology; Startle/*physiology; Vocalization; Flight
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Rosen M J; Levin E C; Hoy R R
Description
An account of the resource
In the obligatory reproductive dependence of a parasite on its host, the parasite must trade the benefit of 'outsourcing' functions like reproduction for the risk of assuming hazards associated with the host. In the present study, we report behavioral adaptations of a parasitic fly, Ormia ochracea, that resemble those of its cricket hosts. Ormia females home in on the male cricket's songs and deposit larvae, which burrow into the cricket, feed and emerge to pupate. Because male crickets call at night, gravid female Ormia in search of hosts are subject to bat predation, in much the same way as female crickets are when responding to male song. We show that Ormia has evolved the same evasive behavior as have crickets: an acoustic startle response to bat-like ultrasound that manifests clearly only during flight. Furthermore, like crickets, Ormia has a sharp response boundary between the frequencies of song and bat cries, resembling categorical perception first described in the context of human speech.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.033183" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1242/jeb.033183</a>
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
*Acoustics
2009
Animal/physiology
Animals
Auditory Perception/physiology
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Diptera/*physiology
Female
Flight
Gryllidae/*growth & development/*parasitology
Hoy R R
Levin E C
Life Cycle Stages/*physiology
Male
NEOMED College of Medicine
Parasites/*physiology
Reflex
Rosen M J
Startle/*physiology
The Journal of experimental biology
Ultrasonics
Vocalization
Walking/physiology