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Text
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0792-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0792-y</a>
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Pages
2303-2314
Issue
4
Volume
220
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Title
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An analysis of von Economo neurons in the cerebral cortex of cetaceans, artiodactyls, and perissodactyls
Publisher
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Brain Structure & Function
Date
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2015
2015-07
Subject
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Anatomy & Morphology; anterior cingulate cortex; bowhead whale; brain; cetartiodactyla; Cingulate; cortex; Cortical evolution; evolution; evolution; Fork cells; frontoinsular cortex; great apes; Insula; Neurosciences & Neurology; phylogeny; spindle neurons; variant frontotemporal dementia; Von Economo neurons (VENs); whale
Creator
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Raghanti M A; Spurlock L B; Treichler F R; Weigel S E; Stimmelmayr R; Butti C; Thewissen Jgmh; Hof P R
Description
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Von Economo neurons (VENs) are specialized projection neurons with a characteristic spindle-shaped soma and thick basal and apical dendrites. VENs have been described in restricted cortical regions, with their most frequent appearance in layers III and V of the anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, and frontopolar cortex of humans, great apes, macaque monkeys, elephants, and some cetaceans. Recently, a ubiquitous distribution of VENs was reported in various cortical areas in the pygmy hippopotamus, one of the closest living relatives of cetaceans. That finding suggested that VENs might not be unique to only a few species that possess enlarged brains. In the present analysis, we assessed the phylogenetic distribution of VENs within species representative of the superordinal clade that includes cetartiodactyls and perissodactyls, as well as afrotherians. In addition, the distribution of fork cells that are often found in close proximity to VENs was also assessed. Nissl-stained sections from the frontal pole, anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, and occipital pole of bowhead whale, cow, sheep, deer, horse, pig, rock hyrax, and human were examined using stereologic methods to quantify VENs and fork cells within layer V of all four cortical regions. VENs and fork cells were found in each of the species examined here with species-specific differences in distributions and densities. The present results demonstrated that VENs and fork cells were not restricted to highly encephalized or socially complex species, and their repeated emergence among distantly related species seems to represent convergent evolution of specialized pyramidal neurons. The widespread phylogenetic presence of VENs and fork cells indicates that these neuron morphologies readily emerged in response to selective forces,whose variety and nature are yet to be identified.
Identifier
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-014-0792-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s00429-014-0792-y</a>
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Journal Article
2015
Anatomy & Morphology
anterior cingulate cortex
bowhead whale
Brain
Brain structure & function
Butti C
Cetartiodactyla
Cingulate
cortex
Cortical evolution
Evolution
Fork cells
frontoinsular cortex
great apes
Hof P R
Insula
Journal Article
Neurosciences & Neurology
Phylogeny
Raghanti M A
spindle neurons
Spurlock L B
Stimmelmayr R
Thewissen Jgmh
Treichler F R
variant frontotemporal dementia
Von Economo neurons (VENs)
Weigel S E
whale