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<a href="http://doi.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/</a>
Pages
E630-E631
Volume
61
ISSN
1540-7063
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July 2021 List
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Title
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Bone plasticity in arboreal mammals: Material and mechanical properties of sloth limb bones
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Integrative And Comparative Biology
Date
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2021
2021-03
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Mossor AM; Young JW; Butcher MT
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<a href="http://doi.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"></a>
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journalArticle
2021
Butcher MT
Integrative and comparative biology
journalArticle
July 2021 List
Mossor AM
NEOMED College of Medicine Student
NEOMED Student Publications
Young JW
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Text
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab096" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab096</a>
ISSN
1557-7023 1540-7063
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Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
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Title
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The stabilizing function of the tail during arboreal quadrupedalism.
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Integrative And Comparative Biology
Date
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2021
2021-05-22
Subject
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angular momentum; balance; locomotor biomechanics; primates; Stability
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Young JW; Chadwell BA; Dunham NT; McNamara A; Phelps T; Hieronymous TL; Shapiro LJ
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Locomotion on the narrow and compliant supports of the arboreal environment is inherently precarious. Previous studies have identified a host of morphological and behavioral specializations in arboreal animals broadly thought to promote stability when on precarious substrates. Less well-studied is the role of the tail in maintaining balance. However, prior anatomical studies have found that arboreal taxa frequently have longer tails for their body size than their terrestrial counterparts, and prior laboratory studies of tail kinematics and the effects of tail reduction in focal taxa have broadly supported the hypothesis that the tail is functionally important for maintaining balance on narrow and mobile substrates. In the current set of studies, we extend this work in two ways. First, we use a laboratory dataset on three-dimensional segmental kinematics and tail inertial properties in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) to investigate how tail angular momentum is modulated during steady-state locomotion on narrow supports. In the second study, we use a quantitative dataset on quadrupedal locomotion in wild platyrrhine monkeys to investigate how free-ranging arboreal animals adjust tail movements in response to substrate variation, focusing on kinematic measures validated in prior laboratory studies of tail mechanics (including the laboratory data presented). Our laboratory results show that S. boliviensis significantly increase average tail angular momentum magnitudes and amplitudes on narrow supports, and primarily regulate that momentum by adjusting the linear and angular velocity of the tail (rather than via changes in tail posture per se). We build on these findings in our second study by showing that wild platyrrhines responded to the precarity of narrow and mobile substrates by extending the tail and exaggerating tail displacements, providing ecological validity to the laboratory studies of tail mechanics presented here and elsewhere. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that the long and mobile tails of arboreal animals serve a biological role of enhancing stability when moving quadrupedally over narrow and mobile substrates. Tail angular momentum could be used to cancel out the angular momentum generated by other parts of the body during steady-state locomotion, thereby reducing whole-body angular momentum and promoting stability, and could be used to mitigate the effects of destabilizing torques about the support should the animals encounter large, unexpected perturbations. Overall, these studies suggest that long and mobile tails should be considered among the fundamental suite of adaptations promoting safe and efficient arboreal locomotion.
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab096" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1093/icb/icab096</a>
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Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
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journalArticle
2021
angular momentum
Balance
Chadwell BA
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
Dunham NT
Hieronymous TL
Integrative and comparative biology
journalArticle
June 2021 List
locomotor biomechanics
McNamara A
NEOMED College of Medicine
NEOMED Student Publications
Phelps T
Primates
Shapiro LJ
Stability
Young JW
-
Text
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24235" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24235</a>
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Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
ISSN
1096-8644 0002-9483
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February 2021 List
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Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
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Title
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Increased performance in juvenile baboons is consistent with ontogenetic changes in morphology.
Date
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2021
2021-01-23
Subject
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allometry; development; grasping performance; limb morphology; primate evolution
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Boulinguez-Ambroise Grégoire;Herrel A;Berillon G;Young JW;Cornette R;Meguerditchian A;Cazeau C;Bellaiche L;Pouydebat E
Description
An account of the resource
OBJECTIVES: In many primates, the greater proportion of climbing and suspensory behaviors in the juvenile repertoire likely necessitates good grasping capacities. Here, we tested whether very young individuals show near-maximal levels of grasping strength, and whether such an early onset of grasping performance could be explained by ontogenetic variability in the morphology of the limbs in baboons. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We quantified a performance trait, hand pull strength, at the juvenile and adult stages in a cross-sectional sample of 15 olive baboons (Papio anubis). We also quantified bone dimensions (i.e., lengths, widths, and heights) of the fore- (n = 25) and hind limb (n = 21) elements based on osteological collections covering the whole development of olive baboons. RESULTS: One-year old individuals demonstrated very high pull strengths (i.e., 200% of the adult performance, relative to body mass), that are consistent with relatively wider phalanges and digit joints in juveniles. The mature proportions and shape of the forelimb elements appeared only at full adulthood (i.e., ≥4.5 years), whereas the mature hind limb proportions and shape were observed much earlier during development. DISCUSSION: These changes in limb performance and morphology across ontogeny may be explained with regard to behavioral transitions that olive baboons experience during their development. Our findings highlight the effect of infant clinging to mother, an often-neglected feature when discussing the origins of grasping in primates. The differences in growth patterns, we found between the forelimb and the hind limb further illustrate their different functional roles, having likely evolved under different ecological pressures (manipulation and locomotion, respectively).
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.24235" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ajpa.24235</a>
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journalArticle
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American Journal Of Physical Anthropology
2021
allometry
American journal of physical anthropology
Bellaiche L
Berillon G
Boulinguez-Ambroise Grégoire
Cazeau C
Cornette R
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
development
February 2021 List
grasping performance
Herrel A
journalArticle
limb morphology
Meguerditchian A
NEOMED College of Medicine
Pouydebat E
primate evolution
Young JW
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Text
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0328-20.2020" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">http://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0328-20.2020</a>
ISSN
2373-2822
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January 2021 List
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Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
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Title
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Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate sound evoked and spontaneous activity in the mouse inferior colliculus.
Publisher
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eNeuro
Date
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2020
2020-12-14
Subject
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auditory; GABAergic; LY354740; mGluR2/3; neuromodulation; non-GABAergic
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Kristaponyte I; Beebe NL; Young JW; Shanbhag SJ; Schofield BR; Galazyuk AV
Description
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Little is known about the functions of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs2/3) in the inferior colliculus (IC)-a midbrain structure that is a major integration region of the central auditory system. We investigated how these receptors modulate sound-evoked and spontaneous firing in the mouse IC in vivo We first performed immunostaining and tested hearing thresholds to validate VGAT-ChR2 transgenic mice on a mixed CBA/CaJ x C57BL/6J genetic background. Transgenic animals allowed for optogenetic cell type identification. Extracellular single neuron recordings were obtained before and after pharmacological mGluR2/3 activation. We observed increased sound-evoked firing-as assessed by the rate-level functions-in a subset of both GABAergic and non-GABAergic IC neurons following mGluR2/3 pharmacological activation. These neurons also displayed elevated spontaneous excitability and were distributed throughout the IC area tested, suggesting a widespread mGluR2/3 distribution in the mouse IC.Significance Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. It binds to both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Fast ionotropic receptors generate rapid synaptic transmission, whereas slower metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) modulate this synaptic transmission. Here, we discovered that activation of group II mGluRs enhances sound-evoked and spontaneous neuronal firing in the inferior colliculus-the hub of the central auditory system. We used transgenic mice which allowed for identification of excitatory and inhibitory neurons and found that both these cell types are modulated by group II mGluRs. Our results provide better understanding of mGluR modulatory roles, which is crucial in opening avenues for using mGluR-targeting drugs to treat hearing disorders.
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<a href="http://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0328-20.2020" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1523/ENEURO.0328-20.2020</a>
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journalArticle
2020
Auditory
Beebe NL
Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology
eNeuro
GABAergic
Galazyuk AV
January 2021 List
journalArticle
Kristaponyte I
LY354740
mGluR2/3
NEOMED College of Medicine
NEOMED Student Publications
neuromodulation
non-GABAergic
Schofield BR
Shanbhag SJ
Young JW