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                <text>Imperatorin suppresses IL-1beta-induced iNOS expression via inhibiting</text>
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                <text>Joint inflammation is a key player in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Imperatorin, a plant-derived small molecule has been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties; however, its effect on chondrocytes is not known. Here, we investigated the effects of Imperatorin on interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)  induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide production in primary human OA chondrocytes and cartilage explants culture under  pathological conditions and explored the associated signaling pathways. We pretreated chondrocytes or explants with Imperatorin (50 muM) followed by</text>
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                <text>chondrocytes; osteoarthritis; iNOS; oxidative stress; inflammation; nitric oxide; iNOS inhibitor</text>
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                <text>Ahmad Nashrah; Ansari Mohammad Y; Haqqi Tariq M</text>
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                <text>Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation has a key role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Nitric oxide (NO) has been established as one of the major inflammatory mediators in OA and drives many pathological changes during the development and progression of OA. Excessive production of NO in chondrocytes promotes cartilage destruction and cellular injury. The synthesis of NO in chondrocytes is catalyzed by inducible NO synthase (iNOS), which is thereby an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of OA. A number of direct and indirect iNOS inhibitors, bioactive compounds, and plant-derived small molecules have been shown to exhibit chondroprotective effects by suppressing the expression of iNOS. Many of these iNOS inhibitors hold promise for the development of new, disease-modifying therapies for OA; however, attempts to demonstrate their success in clinical trials are not yet successful. Many plant extracts and plant-derived small molecules have also shown promise in animal models of OA, though further studies are needed in human clinical trials to confirm their therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss the role of iNOS in OA pathology and the effects of various iNOS inhibitors in OA.</text>
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                <text>Inducible Nitric Oxide Inhibitors Block NMDA Antagonist-Stimulated Motoric Behaviors and Medial Prefrontal Cortical Glutamate Efflux.</text>
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                <text>schizophrenia; ataxia; green tea; iNOS; microdialysis; nNOS; phencyclidine; stereotypy</text>
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                <text>Nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in the motoric and glutamate releasing action of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-antagonist stimulants. Earlier studies utilized neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (nNOS) for studying the neurobehavioral effects of non-competitive NMDA-antagonist stimulants such as dizocilpine (MK-801) and phencyclidine (PCP). This study explores the role of the inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (iNOS) aminoguanidine (AG) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in NMDA-antagonist induced motoric behavior and prefrontal cortical glutamate e ffl ux. Adult male rats were administered a dose range of AG, EGCG, or vehicle prior to receiving NMDA antagonists MK-801, PCP, or a conventional psychostimulant (cocaine) and tested for motoric behavior in an open arena. Glutamate in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was measured using in vivo microdialysis after a combination of AG or EGCG prior to MK-801. Acute administration of AG or EGCG dose-dependently attenuated the locomotor and ataxic properties of MK-801 and PCP. Both AG and EGCG were unable to block the motoric effects of cocaine, indicating the acute pharmacologic action of AG and EGCG is specific to NMDA antagonism and not generalizable to all stimulant class drugs. AG and EGCG normalized MK-801-stimulated mPFC glutamate e ffl ux. These data demonstrate that AG and EGCG attenuates NMDA antagonist-stimulated motoric behavior and cortical glutamate e ffl ux. Our results suggest that EGCG-like polyphenol nutraceuticals (contained in "green tea" and chocolate) may be clinically useful in protecting against the adverse behavioral dissociative and cortical glutamate stimulating effects of NMDA antagonists. Medications that interfere with NMDA antagonists such as MK-801 and PCP have been proposed as treatments for schizophrenia.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2015.00292" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;10.3389/fphar.2015.00292&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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