Comparison of Risk Factors for Pediatric Kidney Stone Formation: The Effects of Sex.
pediatrics; age; sex; kidney stones; urolithiasis
Background: Urinary stones are affecting more children, and pediatric stone formers have unique pathophysiology compared to adults. While adult stone formers are most frequently male, children have an age dependent sex prevalence. Under 10 years, a majority of stone formers are boys; adolescent stone formers are mostly female. Previous adult studies have shown that stone composition is influenced by the sex and age of the stone former. Thus, we hypothesize that female and male stone forming children will also have sex and age specific stone phenotypes. Methods: Retrospective chart review of a large pediatric center's stone forming children 6/1/2009 to 6/1/2016. Patients were identified by ICD 9 codes: N20, N20.1, and N20.9. Charts were reviewed for radiographic evidence of stones or documented visualized stone passage. Results: One hundred and thirty six subjects: 54 males and 82 females. Females were older, median age 14 years [interquartile range (IQR): 11, 15] vs. males' median age 12 years (IQR: 11, 14) (p < 0.01). Females had lower height z-scores, median 0.2 (IQR: -0.8, 0.8) vs. males' median 0.8 (IQR: -0.2, 1.8) (p < 0.01). Presenting symptoms were similar except flank pain affecting 39% of females vs. 22% of males (p = 0.04). Leukocyte esterase was positive in more females than males (33 vs. 4%) (p < 0.001). Males had a higher BUN/Cr ratio, mean +/- standard deviation of 19.8 +/- 6.3 vs. 16.6 +/- 6.5 in females (p = 0.01). Glomerular hyperfiltration was present in 9% of patients while 35% of patients had estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 90 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Treatment strategies and clinical course were similar except females were told to increase dietary citrate more frequently than males (21 vs. 4%) (p < 0.01). Conclusion: We have provided a novel analysis and demonstrated that low height z-score and pyuria are more common in female stone formers. We have also shown that 9% of pediatric stone formers have labs consistent with hyperfiltration. Whether high protein intake and/or chronic dehydration are associated with hyperfiltration and long-term renal function in children with kidney stones will be an area for future research.
Schwaderer Andrew L; Raina Rupesh; Khare Anshika; Safadi Fayez; Moe Sharon M; Kusumi Kirsten
Frontiers in pediatrics
2019
2019
<a href="http://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2019.00032" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.3389/fped.2019.00032</a>
Lateral mandibular wall thickness in Tursiops truncatus: Variation due to sex and age
age; bottlenose dolphin; hearing; intraspecific variation; lower jaw; mandible; Marine & Freshwater Biology; scaling; sensitivity; sex; thickness; Tursiops truncatus; Zoology
In odontocetes the mandibular bone serves two functions: to capture prey, and as a means of the reception and transmission of sound waves through a fat body in the mandibular canal, which opens posteriorly as the mandibular foramen. The posterior part of the lateral wall of the odontocete mandible is thin, and appears to represent a compromise between a strong mandible for prey capture and a thin vibrating plate for hearing. We studied the intraspecific variation of minimum thickness of the lateral mandibular wall along four transects (T1-T4) at the area of the mandibular foramen, in relation to the skull size and the mandibular size in different-aged bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus (18 females between 1 and 42 yr, 17 males between 1 and 32 yr). The minimum thickness was absolutely at its lowest at the most posterior transect T1, but did not vary significantly between the sexes or between the ages. The minimum thickness varied significantly at the two most anterior transects, T3 and T4, both between the sexes and among the ages. The thickness increased throughout life among males, whereas in females it first increased and then starts to decrease around the age of 20.
Nummela S; Kosove J E; Lancaster T E; Thewissen J G M
Marine Mammal Science
2004
2004-07
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01174.x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01174.x</a>
Quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus as a screening tool to detect osteoporosis - Different reference ranges for Caucasian women, African American women, and Caucasian men
bone-mineral density; classification; discordance; elderly men; Endocrinology & Metabolism; fracture; fractures; osteoporosis; population; postmenopausal women; quantitative ultrasound; race; risk; sex; T-score; t-scores; testosterone
The interpretation of results measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the heel depends on the population studied. We measured estimated bone mineral density (BMD) of the heel using the Hologic Sahara sonometer. People were studied at county fairs, health fairs, and churches. Subjects were not on treatments that would affect bone density, other than calcium supplementation. This included 823 Caucasian women, 131 African American women, and 301 Caucasian men. In contrast to women, for Caucasian men the squared term for age was not significant, and a straight line of decline was the best fit for estimated BMD. African American women had a standard deviation larger than that reported by Hologic for Caucasian women. We compared a history of self-reported fractures with a subject's estimated BMD. An estimated BMD of 0.57 gm/cm(2) included 75% of all fractures. This cutoff point was associated with increased fracture prevalence in subjects over age 50, relative risk of 1.4. This result corresponds to the Hologic data T-score of -0.2. When used as a screening tool for osteoporosis fracture risk, an estimated BMD of 0.57 gm/cm2 seems reasonable in those subjects over age 50.
Rothenberg R J; Boyd J L; Holcomb J R
Journal of Clinical Densitometry
2004
2004
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1385/jcd:7:1:101" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1385/jcd:7:1:101</a>
Estrogen, Testosterone, And Methamphetamine Toxicity
17-beta-estradiol; c57/b1 mice; differences; female; gonadal steroids; inhibition; mptp-induced neurotoxicity; neurodegeneration; neuroprotection; neurotoxicity; nigrostriatal; nigrostriatal dopaminergic system; parkinsons-disease; sex; sexual differences; striatum; tamoxifen
Dluzen D E; McDermott J L
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Drugs of Abuse and Neurotoxicity: Cocaine, Ghb, and Substituted Amphetamines
2006
2006
Book Chapter
n/a
Bone mineral density in adolescent urinary stone formers: is sex important?
Bone; children; disease; fracture; health; inflammation; kidney-stones; nephrolithiasis; osteoporosis; Pediatrics; risk; Sex; Urolithiasis; Urolithiasis
Urinary stone disease (USD) is affecting a greater number of children and low bone mineral density (BMD) and increased skeletal fractures have been demonstrated in stone patients; however, the mechanism(s) driving bone disease remain unclear. This pilot study was undertaken to assess an adolescent kidney stone cohort's BMD and evaluate for an inverse correlation between BMD and urine concentration of lithogenic minerals and/or inflammatory levels. Prospective case-control study was carried out at a large pediatric center. 15 participants with USD (12-18 years of age, 8 female) were matched by age, sex, and body mass index to 15 controls. Lumbar and total body BMD z-score did not differ between groups. When stone formers were separated by sex, there was a significant difference between male stone formers vs. controls total body BMD z-score (Fig. 1). BMD z-score did not significantly correlate with urine calcium, oxalate, citrate or magnesium. Higher urine IL-13 did significantly correlate with higher total body BMD z-score (r = 0.677, p = 0.018). Total body BMD z-score did significantly correlate with body mass index (BMI) as expected for the control group (r = 0.6321, p = 0.0133). However, this relationship was not present in the USD group (r = - 0.1629, p = 0.5619). This is a small but hypothesis-generating study which demonstrates novel evidence of male-specific low BMD in adolescent stone formers. Furthermore, we demonstrated a positive association between urine
Kusumi Kirsten; Schwaderer Andrew L; Clark Curtis; Budge Kevin; Hussein Nazar; Raina Rupesh; Denburg Michelle; Safadi Fayez F
Urolithiasis
2020
2020-03-31
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
journalArticle
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-020-01183-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1007/s00240-020-01183-w</a>
What smells? Developing in-field methods to characterize the chemical composition of wild mammalian scent cues
behavior; callithrix-jacchus; chemical ecology; ecology; fruit odor; marking; Marmoset; odor; olfactory cues; portable GC-MS; scent marking; Sex; signals; signatures
Olfactory cues play an important role in mammalian biology, but have been challenging to assess in the field. Current methods pose problematic issues with sample storage and transportation, limiting our ability to connect chemical variation in scents with relevant ecological and behavioral contexts. Real-time, in-field analysis via portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has the potential to overcome these issues, but with trade-offs of reduced sensitivity and compound mass range. We field-tested the ability of portable GC-MS to support two representative applications of chemical ecology research with a wild arboreal primate, common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). We developed methods to (a) evaluate the chemical composition of marmoset scent marks deposited at feeding sites and (b) characterize the scent profiles of exudates eaten by marmosets. We successfully collected marmoset scent marks across several canopy heights, with the portable GC-MS detecting known components of marmoset glandular secretions and differentiating these from in-field controls. Likewise, variation in the chemical profile of scent marks demonstrated a significant correlation with marmoset feeding behavior, indicating these scents' biological relevance. The portable GC-MS also delineated species-specific olfactory signatures of exudates fed on by marmosets. Despite the trade-offs, portable GC-MS represents a viable option for characterizing olfactory compounds used by wild mammals, yielding biologically relevant data. While the decision to adopt portable GC-MS will likely depend on site- and project-specific needs, our ability to conduct two example applications under relatively challenging field conditions bodes well for the versatility of in-field GC-MS.
Thompson Cynthia L; Bottenberg Kimberly N; Lantz Andrew W; de Oliveira Maria A B; Melo Leonardo C O; Vinyard Christopher J
Ecology and Evolution
Article information provided for research and reference use only. All rights are retained by the journal listed under publisher and/or the creator(s).
journalArticle
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6224" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1002/ece3.6224</a>