Cognitive Roadblock Not Gateway: Effects of Visual Vaping Cues on Young Adults' Harm Perceptions
advertisements; advertising; association; cigarette (e-cigarette); cognitive gateway/road-block; consumer perceptions; electronic; electronic cigarette use; Environmental & Occupational Health; nicotine delivery-systems; Public; randomized-trial; reduction; smokeless tobacco; smokers; smoking urge; us adults; visual vaping cue; young adult
Objectives: In this study, we experimentally tested 2 hypotheses regarding visual vaping cues in e-cigarette video advertisements on harm perceptions immediately following exposure (T1), and again, 2 weeks later (T2). The cognitive gateway hypothesis predicts that vaping cues will reduce vaping harm perceptions among e-cigarette users at T1, leading to lowered smoking harm perceptions at T2. In contrast, the cognitive roadblock hypothesis predicts that vaping cues will heighten smoking harm perceptions among smokers at T1, leading to increased vaping harm perceptions at T2. Methods: We conducted a 2-wave online experiment with 251 smokers or e-cigarette users recruited from students enrolled at a large midwestern university in 2016. Participants were randomized to view: (1) 5 e-cigarette ads containing vaping cues; (2) 5 e-cigarette ads without vaping cues; or (3) 5 bottled drink ads. Results: Findings support the cognitive roadblock hypothesis but not the gateway hypothesis. For current smokers, mediating effects of smoking harm perceptions at T1 were supported. Conclusions: E-cigarette advertisements with vaping portrayals can increase smokers' vaping harm perceptions indirectly by activating smoking harm perceptions, potentially deterring smokers from switching to a less harmful product.
Yang S J; Tan A S L; Hamilton K; Fischbein R; Kenne D R
Tobacco Regulatory Science
2018
2018-03
Journal Article
<a href="http://doi.org/10.18001/trs.4.2.8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.18001/trs.4.2.8</a>
Methacholine Challenge Testing - Identifying Its Diagnostic Role, Testing, Coding, And Reimbursement
airway; asthma; bronchial hyperresponsiveness; clinical-practice guidelines; coding; cough; function test; General & Internal Medicine; histamine; management; practice management; private practice; pulmonary; reimbursement; Respiratory System; responsiveness; sensitivity; smokers; spirometry
Birnbaum S; Barreiro T J
Chest
2007
2007-06
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1378/chest.06-1385" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1378/chest.06-1385</a>
Methacholine Challenge Testing - Identifying Its Diagnostic Role, Testing, Coding, And Reimbursement
airway; asthma; bronchial hyperresponsiveness; clinical-practice guidelines; coding; cough; function test; General & Internal Medicine; histamine; management; practice management; private practice; pulmonary; reimbursement; Respiratory System; responsiveness; sensitivity; smokers; spirometry
Methacholine challenge testing (MCT), also sometimes described as bronchoprovocation testing, is widely performed for both research and diagnostic purposes. MCT is clinically useful when the patient presents with a history of symptoms suggesting asthma, but spirometry findings are normal. Typically, MCT is performed in a pulmonary function laboratory, a clinic, or a physician's office. MCT requires time, effort, and understanding. Two standard testing regimes are identified along with proper coding and reimbursement methodologies.
Birnbaum S; Barreiro T J
Chest
2007
2007-06
Journal Article or Conference Abstract Publication
<a href="http://doi.org/10.1378/chest.06-1385" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">10.1378/chest.06-1385</a>