Prior research has established that escape impairment resulting from prior inescapable shock (IS) could be reversed by the peripheral administration of the opiate antagonist naltrexone (NTX), but not the quaternary form of naltrexone (QNTX), which…
Feeding and diet played key roles in human evolution. It is well known that modern humans have a small masticatory apparatus for their body size among primates. However, identifying gracility does not necessarily tell us about the relative functional…
Movement control in vertebrates is a complex function that is known to involve several parallel systems. In amphibians, which lack the isocortical structures shown in mammals to initiate and control voluntary movements, supraspinal motor control…
The purpose of this work is to present a perspective of the conditioned place preference (CPP) test by offering an overview of the empirical research from 1957-1991. The intent is not to extensively analyze the controversies inherent to any…
