Browse Items (28 total)

The safety of herbal supplements is often difficult to determine because the FDA does not require premarketing safety testing and reporting of adverse effects for such products. However, some information on adverse effects and drugherb interactions…

A systematic approach to the successful investigation and management of oliguria uses a reproducible method called the Rules of Three: consideration of three sources of olguria (postrenal, prerenal, and renal), three noninvasive tools for evaluation…

Detection of renal vascular disease offers the opportunity to cure a patient with hypertension as well as to avert severe renal damage and lifelong dependence on dialysis. The crucial first step is to suspect renovascular lesions. Clues include the…

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and renal artery bypass surgery are the most effective means of treating renal vascular disease and the hypertension it causes. Selection of the most appropriate treatment depends on the nature of the underlying…

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), the most common inherited disorder in this country, is more than just a renal disease. Major extrarenal sites are the cardiovascular system, liver, and GI tract. The most devastating…

Hypomagnesemia may be caused by renal losses (often related to drugs or diabetes), inadequate intake or inadequate intestinal absorption. Manifestations may include arrhythmias, particularly during myocardial ischemia or with digitalis use, and such…

Early detection and careful management of kidney disease can help slow or halt progression to renal failure. Early diagnosis is based on a history and physical examination, urinalysis (with dipstick testing for protein, blood, and pH), and…

Abnormalities that increase water reabsorption can lead to hyponatremia, and the resulting water retention presents the threat of CNS volume changes. Avoid overcorrection of hyponatremia, however, as this causes similar changes. Also, be aware of…

Four cases histories illustrate the process of defining the cause of hyponatremia: Categorize the patient's volume status; determine kidney function and kidney's response to volume stimulus; measure urine osmolality; consider other factors, including…

When an infant or child younger than 36 months presents with fever that has no obvious source, the major concern is overlooking a serious bacterial infection. Ask about underlying medical problems, previous hospitalizations, recent infectious…

If an infant 60 days old or younger who presents with unexplained fever (temperature 38 degrees C [100.4 degrees F] or greater) appears ill, evaluate for sepsis, hospitalize, and give parenteral antibiotics. For well-appearing infants whose…

The interpretation of acid-base data can be greatly facilitated by applying five rules: (1) use the blood gas to identify acidemia or alkalemia, (2) determine whether the underlying cause of acidemia or alkalemia is respiratory or metabolic, (3)…

Thorough investigation of complex cases of acid-base disturbances indudes verification of pH, determination of respiratory and metabolic components, calculation of the anion gap, assessment of the degree of compensation; and analysis of the…

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