Studying ontogeny in both extant and extinct species can unravel the mechanisms underlying mammal diversification and specialization. Among mammalian clades, Cetartiodactyla encompass species with a wide range of adaptations, and ontogenetic evidence…
Primary genetic mitochondrial diseases are often difficult to diagnose, and the term 'possible' mitochondrial disease is used frequently by clinicians when such a diagnosis is suspected. There are now many known phenocopies of mitochondrial disease.…
Hyperkalemia, a potential life threating condition, is a commonly encountered problem in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Patiromer acetate, a nonabsorbable cation exchange polymer, is a gastrointestinal agent for chronic therapy in patients…
Objectives: The benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with localized uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) remains unclear due to a lack of randomized studies and data only from small retrospective series to rely on. We sought to identify factors…
Integrin beta1 receptor, expressed on the surface of tumor cells and macrophages in the tumor microenvironment (TME), has been implicated in both tumor progression as well as resistance to multiple modalities of therapy. OS2966 is the first…
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and/or lipoprotein(a) are established risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Management of hypercholesterolemia consists of drug therapies, including statins and proprotein…
BACKGROUND: The lake deposits of the informal Ruby Paper Shale unit, part of the Renova Formation of Montana, have yielded abundant plant fossils that document Late Eocene - Early Oligocene global cooling in western North America. A nearly complete…
BACKGROUND: For most computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) problems involving prostate cancer detection via medical imaging data, the choice of classifier has been largely ad hoc, or been motivated by classifier comparison studies that have involved large…
The process of developing an old drug for new indications is now a widely accepted strategy of shortening drug development time, reducing drug costs, and improving drug availability, especially for rare and neglected diseases. In this mini-review, we…
BACKGROUND Olmesartan, an angiotensin receptor blockade class of antihypertensive medication has recently been associated with a seronegative sprue like enteropathy. Patients typically present with diarrhea and weight loss often prompting exhaustive…
Both strain elastography and shear wave elastography have been shown to have high sensitivity and specificity for characterizing breast lesions as benign or malignant. Training is important for both strain and shear wave elastography. The unique…
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Competency-based medical education (CBME) has been incorporated into graduate medical education accreditation and is being introduced in undergraduate medical education. Family medicine (FM) faculty at one institution…
Background: Urinary stones are affecting more children, and pediatric stone formers have unique pathophysiology compared to adults. While adult stone formers are most frequently male, children have an age dependent sex prevalence. Under 10 years, a…
Sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) is required for synthesis of cholic acid in the classic bile acid synthesis pathway and plays a role in dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. However, the mechanism of the involvement of Cyp8b1 in dyslipidemia and…
Introduction: Dextromethorphan (DXM), an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, may have ketamine-like antidepressant effects. Dextromethorphan is extensively metabolized via cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6, and its half-life in extensive metabolizers…
Normal labor is characterized by regular and painful uterine contractions that conclude in progressive in labor. A discussion on abnormal labor patterns is reviewed as abnormalities of the first stage (cervical dilation to complete cervical dilation)…
Twin births account for approximately 3% of live births and 97% of multiple bouts in the United States. In the absence of assisted reproductive technology, dizygotic twins are far more common than monozygotic twins and account for 70% of all twin…
Uterine atony refers to the corpus uteri myometrial cells inadequate contraction in response to endogenous oxytocin that is released in the course of delivery. It leads to postpartum hemorrhage as delivery of the placenta leaves disrupted spiral…
PURPOSE: Transrectal ultrasound images are routinely acquired for low dose rate (LDR) prostate brachytherapy dosimetric preplanning (pTRUS), although diagnostic multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) may serve this purpose as well. We…
The lab and field provide differing approaches to studying primate biology. We outline the challenges and benefits of these approaches and demonstrate how collaboration can help bridge these perspectives to provide complementary insight into primate…
Few studies exist of the bowhead whale brain and virtually nothing is known about its cortical cytoarchitecture or how it compares to other cetaceans. Bowhead whales are one of the least encephalized cetaceans and occupy a basal phylogenetic position…
Astrocytes are the main homeostatic cell of the central nervous system. In addition, astrocytes mediate an inflammatory response when reactive to injury or disease known as astrogliosis. Astrogliosis is marked by an increased expression of glial…
BACKGROUND: The Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI-RADSv2) has been in use since 2015; while interreader reproducibility has been studied, there has been a paucity of studies investigating the intrareader reproducibility of…
There are 3 methods of interpreting breast strain elastography: the elastographic-to-B-mode length ratio (E/B), a 5-point color scale (5P), and the strain ratio (SR). This meta-analysis assessed which method is superior to the others. A systematic…
STUDY OBJECTIVE: Tramadol is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 to form an active metabolite that exhibits its analgesic effect. Medications that inhibit this enzyme are used often in practice, yet the clinical impact of this interaction on the…
Urinary stones are increasing in children, primarily during adolescence. Although urinary stones are often viewed in the context of intermittent stone events, increasing evidence indicates that stones are a metabolic process associated with chronic…
Pesticides are unique environmental contaminants that are specifically introduced into the environment to control pests, often by killing them. Although pesticide application serves many important purposes, including protection against crop loss and…
Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is a common adverse event resulting in premature interruption of hemodialysis, and consequently, inadequate fluid and solute removal. IDH occurs in response to the reduction in blood volume during ultrafiltration and…
Cognitive behavioral therapy for schizophrenia spectrum disorders is an evidence-based treatment that is recommended by United States schizophrenia treatment guidelines. Based on recent estimates, only 0.3% of individuals with a primary psychotic…
OBJECTIVE: This study determines the extent to which residents and their program directors have discordant perceptions regarding wellness, support, and treatment opportunities for trainees. In addition, the authors examined whether psychiatry…
Almost 20% of patients with syncope will experience another event. It is unknown whether recurrent syncope is a marker for a higher or lower risk etiology of syncope. The goal of this study is to determine whether older adults with recurrent syncope…
BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) diagnostic accuracy for blunt bowel and mesenteric injuries (BBMI) is controversial. DATA SOURCES: A literature review to compute aggregate CT performance and individual CT sign sensitivity, specificity, and…
STUDY OBJECTIVE: Many adults with syncope are hospitalized solely for observation and testing. We seek to determine whether hospitalization versus outpatient management for older adults with unexplained syncope is associated with a reduction in…
In animal models for fragile X syndrome where the gene for fragile X mental retardation protein is knocked out (Fmr1 KO), neurotransmission in multiple brain regions shifts excitation/inhibition balance, resulting in hyperexcitability in neural…
BACKGROUND: 50% of patients with Chiari Malformation (CM) report a history of depression; however, rates of other psychological symptoms are unknown. Further, it is unclear whether surgical correction impacts pain, disability, and psychological…
AIMS: Osteoporosis is one of the most common bone health diseases affecting older adults in US. Addressing disparities in osteoporosis will help to enhance the quality of bone care in the nation's bone health programs. MATERIALS & METHODS: We used…
